Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher compared the GPA of traditional (aged 18-22) and nontraditional (aged 23 or older) students. Table 10-1 GROUP $1 =$ Aged $18 - 22$ GROUP $2 =$ Aged 23 or older Variable $=$ Grade point average $\begin{array} { l c c c c } \text { GROUP } & N & \text { Mean } & S D & \text { Standard Error } \\ \text { GROUP 1 } & 15 & 2.95 & 0.556 & 0.143 \\ \text { GROUP 2 } & 15 & 3.08 & 0.524 & 0.135 \end{array}$ $F _ { \max }$ test $\quad F = 0.225 \quad p = 0.639$ Equal Variances Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 28 \quad p = 0.509$ Equal Variances Not Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 27.90 \quad p = 0.509$ -Consult Table 10-1. The descriptive statistics refer to the

A) means and standard deviations for each group. B) results of the Fmax test. C) t value for "equal variances assumed." D) t value for "equal variances not assumed." A) means and standard deviations for each group. B) results of the Fmax test. C) t value for "equal variances assumed." D) t value for "equal variances not assumed."

Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher measured anxiety in a sample before therapy and after therapy. Table 10-2 GROUP $1 =$ Before therapy GROUP 2 = After therapy Variable $=$ Anxiety scores $\begin{array}{lllll} \text { GROUP } & N & \text { Mean } & S D & \text { Standard Error } \\ \text { GROUP 1 } & 10 & 11.00 & 3.197 & 1.011 \\ \text { GROUP 2 } & 10 & 8.90 & 3.573 & 1.130 \end{array}$ $\text { Mean difference }=2.100 \quad\quad\quad S D=1.287 \quad\quad\quad \text { Std Error }=0.417$ $\begin{array}{lll} \text { Corr }=0.934 & p=0.000 & \\ t=5.161 & d f=9 & p=0.001 \end{array}$ -Consult Table 10-2. The difference in means ______ significant; therefore, we conclude that the difference between the two means is due to ________.

A) is; the independent variable B) is; chance C) is not; the independent variable D) is not; chance A) is; the independent variable B) is; chance C) is not; the independent variable D) is not; chance

Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher compared the GPA of traditional (aged 18-22) and nontraditional (aged 23 or older) students. Table 10-1 GROUP $1 =$ Aged $18 - 22$ GROUP $2 =$ Aged 23 or older Variable $=$ Grade point average $\begin{array} { l c c c c } \text { GROUP } & N & \text { Mean } & S D & \text { Standard Error } \\ \text { GROUP 1 } & 15 & 2.95 & 0.556 & 0.143 \\ \text { GROUP 2 } & 15 & 3.08 & 0.524 & 0.135 \end{array}$ $F _ { \max }$ test $\quad F = 0.225 \quad p = 0.639$ Equal Variances Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 28 \quad p = 0.509$ Equal Variances Not Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 27.90 \quad p = 0.509$ -Consult Table 10-1. The p-value is _______ than .05; therefore, we should conclude that there _______ a difference between the groups.

A) less; is B) less; is not C) greater; is D) greater; is not A) less; is B) less; is not C) greater; is D) greater; is not

Exam 10: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

What is the difference between a true experiment and an ex post facto research design? In which design can the researcher draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Explain.

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Question 1

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A true experiment and an ex post facto research design are both types of research methods used in scientific studies, but they have distinct differences in their approach and the conclusions that can be drawn from them.

A true experiment is a research design in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures the effect on a dependent variable while controlling for other variables. This design allows the researcher to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, as the manipulation of the independent variable directly influences the outcome.

On the other hand, an ex post facto research design is a type of observational study in which the researcher examines the effects of an independent variable that has already occurred, without any manipulation or control over the variables. This design is used when it is not feasible or ethical to manipulate the independent variable, and the researcher can only observe and analyze the existing data.

In a true experiment, the researcher can draw cause-and-effect conclusions because they have control over the manipulation of the independent variable, allowing them to establish a direct relationship between the variables. However, in an ex post facto research design, the researcher cannot draw cause-and-effect conclusions because they cannot control or manipulate the independent variable, and there may be other confounding variables that influence the outcome.

In conclusion, a true experiment allows the researcher to draw cause-and-effect conclusions due to the manipulation and control of variables, while an ex post facto research design does not allow for the same level of control and manipulation, making it difficult to establish direct cause-and-effect relationships.

When each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for an experiment, the researcher has used

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Question 2

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B

Elliot conducts a study with one experimental group and one control group. Elliot has _ independent variable(s) with _ group(s).

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Question 3

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B

Julie measures participants' anxiety levels before treatment and again after treatment. Julie is using a ____________ design.

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Question 4

What is repeated measures? Identify one advantage of repeated measures. Identify at least two practical factors that might preclude the use of repeated measures.

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Question 5

Why do you think the author chose a repeated measures design rather than an independent groups design?

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Question 6

Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher compared the GPA of traditional (aged 18-22) and nontraditional (aged 23 or older) students. Table 10-1 GROUP $1 =$ Aged $18 - 22$ GROUP $2 =$ Aged 23 or older Variable $=$ Grade point average GROUP N Mean SD Standard Error GROUP 1 15 2.95 0.556 0.143 GROUP 2 15 3.08 0.524 0.135 $F _ { \max }$ test $\quad F = 0.225 \quad p = 0.639$ Equal Variances Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 28 \quad p = 0.509$ Equal Variances Not Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 27.90 \quad p = 0.509$ -Consult Table 10-1. The descriptive statistics refer to the

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Question 7

Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher measured anxiety in a sample before therapy and after therapy. Table 10-2 GROUP $1 =$ Before therapy GROUP 2 = After therapy Variable $=$ Anxiety scores GROUP N Mean SD Standard Error GROUP 1 10 11.00 3.197 1.011 GROUP 2 10 8.90 3.573 1.130 $\text { Mean difference }=2.100 \quad\quad\quad S D=1.287 \quad\quad\quad \text { Std Error }=0.417$ Corr =0.934 p=0.000 t=5.161 df=9 p=0.001 -Consult Table 10-2. The difference in means significant; therefore, we conclude that the difference between the two means is due to __.

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Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a practical consideration for repeated measures designs?

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Question 9

Burkley et al. (2000) conducted a study in which half of the consent forms had a "right to withdraw" statement and the other half didn't. What kind of design would NOT be appropriate for this study?

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Question 10

What is the principle of parsimony? How does it relate to the two-group experiment?

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Question 11

If you only have a small number of participants available, you should use which type of assignment to groups?

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Question 12

Which of the following is an advantage of independent-groups designs?

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Question 13

The variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the variable is the response or behavior that the researcher measures.

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Question 14

Distinguish between an experimental group and a control group. Give an example of each.

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Question 15

Describe the kind of data needed to conduct a correlated samples t test.

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Question 16

Is it easier to find statistical significance using an independent-groups design or a correlated-groups design? Explain.

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Question 17

Briefly describe the three common ways to use correlated assignment (matched pairs, repeated measures, natural pairs).

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Question 18

Questions refer to the following computer output in which a researcher compared the GPA of traditional (aged 18-22) and nontraditional (aged 23 or older) students. Table 10-1 GROUP $1 =$ Aged $18 - 22$ GROUP $2 =$ Aged 23 or older Variable $=$ Grade point average GROUP N Mean SD Standard Error GROUP 1 15 2.95 0.556 0.143 GROUP 2 15 3.08 0.524 0.135 $F _ { \max }$ test $\quad F = 0.225 \quad p = 0.639$ Equal Variances Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 28 \quad p = 0.509$ Equal Variances Not Assumed $t = - 0.68 \quad d f = 27.90 \quad p = 0.509$ -Consult Table 10-1. The p-value is _ than .05; therefore, we should conclude that there _ a difference between the groups.

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Question 19

Which of the following considerations is MOST important when using matched pairs?

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Question 20

What is the difference between a true experiment and an ex post facto research design? In which design can the researcher draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Explain.

When each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for an experiment, the researcher has used

Elliot conducts a study with one experimental group and one control group. Elliot has _ independent variable(s) with _ group(s).

Julie measures participants' anxiety levels before treatment and again after treatment. Julie is using a ____________ design.

What is repeated measures? Identify one advantage of repeated measures. Identify at least two practical factors that might preclude the use of repeated measures.

Why do you think the author chose a repeated measures design rather than an independent groups design?

Which of the following is NOT a practical consideration for repeated measures designs?

Burkley et al. (2000) conducted a study in which half of the consent forms had a "right to withdraw" statement and the other half didn't. What kind of design would NOT be appropriate for this study?

What is the principle of parsimony? How does it relate to the two-group experiment?

If you only have a small number of participants available, you should use which type of assignment to groups?

Which of the following is an advantage of independent-groups designs?

The variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the variable is the response or behavior that the researcher measures.

Distinguish between an experimental group and a control group. Give an example of each.

Describe the kind of data needed to conduct a correlated samples t test.

Is it easier to find statistical significance using an independent-groups design or a correlated-groups design? Explain.

Briefly describe the three common ways to use correlated assignment (matched pairs, repeated measures, natural pairs).

Which of the following considerations is MOST important when using matched pairs?

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Alternative Research Designs

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

Filters

Exam 10: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

What is the difference between a true experiment and an ex post facto research design? In which design can the researcher draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Explain.

When each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for an experiment, the researcher has used

Elliot conducts a study with one experimental group and one control group. Elliot has _______ independent variable(s) with _______ group(s).

Julie measures participants' anxiety levels before treatment and again after treatment. Julie is using a ____________ design.

What is repeated measures? Identify one advantage of repeated measures. Identify at least two practical factors that might preclude the use of repeated measures.

Why do you think the author chose a repeated measures design rather than an independent groups design?

Which of the following is NOT a practical consideration for repeated measures designs?

Burkley et al. (2000) conducted a study in which half of the consent forms had a "right to withdraw" statement and the other half didn't. What kind of design would NOT be appropriate for this study?

What is the principle of parsimony? How does it relate to the two-group experiment?

If you only have a small number of participants available, you should use which type of assignment to groups?

Which of the following is an advantage of independent-groups designs?

The ________ variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the ________ variable is the response or behavior that the researcher measures.

Distinguish between an experimental group and a control group. Give an example of each.

Describe the kind of data needed to conduct a correlated samples t test.

Is it easier to find statistical significance using an independent-groups design or a correlated-groups design? Explain.

Briefly describe the three common ways to use correlated assignment (matched pairs, repeated measures, natural pairs).

Which of the following considerations is MOST important when using matched pairs?

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Alternative Research Designs

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

Filters

Elliot conducts a study with one experimental group and one control group. Elliot has _ independent variable(s) with _ group(s).

The variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the variable is the response or behavior that the researcher measures.