Chat with AIExam 13: Alternative Research Designs
Briefly summarize the research reviewed in the Introduction regarding choice making.
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VerifiedPast research suggests that allowing children to make choices (e.g., "Which homework activity do you want to work on next, spelling or math?") produces more positive outcomes than making the choices for the children (e.g., having a tutor decide which homework activity to work on next). Children given the opportunity to make choices exhibited less aggression, fewer tantrums, increased task engagement and completion, less disruptive behavior, and better academic achievement compared to children not given choices.
What is a baseline measurement? Why do researchers want baseline measurements to be stable in single-case experiments?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotA baseline measurement is the initial measurement taken before any intervention or treatment is implemented in a research study. It serves as a reference point for comparison to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
Researchers want baseline measurements to be stable in single-case experiments because it allows them to accurately assess the impact of the intervention. If the baseline measurements are not stable, it can be difficult to determine whether any changes observed are due to the intervention or simply natural fluctuations in the participant's behavior. By ensuring that baseline measurements are stable, researchers can have more confidence in the results of their study and make more accurate conclusions about the effectiveness of the intervention. This is particularly important in single-case experiments where individual participants serve as their own control group, making the stability of baseline measurements crucial for drawing valid conclusions.
An observational technique in which a researcher compiles a record of observations about a single participant is known as a
(76) VerifiedA
Explain how the pretest-posttest control-group design controls for the following threats to internal validity: (a) selection, (b) history, (c) maturation, (d) testing, and (e) statistical regression.
(88) What is the difference between the nonequivalent group design and the pretest-posttest control-group design?
(70) Which of the following is one way to control for history effects in an interrupted time-series study?
(89) What is the Solomon four-group design? How does it differ from the pretest-posttest control-group design? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this design?
(76) Bess has conducted a pretest-posttest control-group study to raise math scores among fifth-grade students who have failed math. She has controlled the potential problem of __________ because she has selected participants for the experimental and control groups from the same pool of extremely low-scoring participants.
(91) Why were single-case experiments more popular in the past than now?
(74) A researcher conducts an A-B design study and is concerned that there might be confounds in her study as a result of the passage of time. Which of the following threats to internal validity is NOT associated with the passage of time?
(74) If measuring the DV causes a change in the DV, which threat to internal validity has occurred?
(73) Over time, there has been a(n) ________ in the number of single-case experiments conducted.
(81) Which of the following research designs has the MOST threats to internal validity?
(85) Describe the internal validity threat of testing and give an example.
(80) A measurement of a behavior made under normal conditions (i.e., no IV is present) in a single-case experiment is known as a(n) ______ measurement.
(69) Renee conducts a single-case experiment in which she changes two variables simultaneously. Renee has
(63) Lang and Melamed (1969) conducted a single-case experiment in an attempt to get a boy to cease vomiting after his meals. They recorded baseline observations and then instituted a treatment (brief shocks to his leg every time he vomited). Why didn't Lang and Melamed reverse the treatment?
(94) What is internal validity? How does it relate to confounding, extraneous variables, and cause-and-effect relations?
(69) Examine the graph of Keith's behavior on p. 34. Notice that there are six data points in the first "no choice" condition, nine data points in the first "choice" condition, four data points in the second "no choice" condition, and ten data points in the second "choice" condition. Why do you think the researchers chose to have so few data points in the "no choice" conditions relative to the "choice" conditions?
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