Question 1

Which of the following single-case experiments gives the best chance of isolating causation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B 
B)  A-B-A 
C)  A-B-A-B 
D)  A-A-A-A 
A)  A-B 
B)  A-B-A 
C)  A-B-A-B 
D)  A-A-A-A

Question 2

_______ occurs when an uncontrolled extraneous variable varies systematically with the IV.

Accepted Answer

A)  Extraneous sampling 
B)  A cause-and-effect relationship 
C)  Confounding 
D)  Internal validity 
A)  Extraneous sampling 
B)  A cause-and-effect relationship 
C)  Confounding 
D)  Internal validity

Question 3

When your experiment is internally valid, then

Accepted Answer

A)  you can generalize your results beyond the particular sample used. 
B)  you can draw cause-and-effect conclusions. 
C)  the experiment was replicated with a different sample. 
D)  there was a selection-history interaction. 
A)  you can generalize your results beyond the particular sample used. 
B)  you can draw cause-and-effect conclusions. 
C)  the experiment was replicated with a different sample. 
D)  there was a selection-history interaction.

Question 4

A researcher is conducting an interrupted time-series study and is worried that changes in behavior after treatment might be due to some important event other than the treatment. This researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation 
B)  Diffusion of treatment 
C)  History 
D)  Selection 
A)  Maturation 
B)  Diffusion of treatment 
C)  History 
D)  Selection

Question 5

In single-case experiments, the letter ___ has referred to baseline measurements.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a general procedure of single-case experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Repeated measures 
B)  Random assignment to condition 
C)  Baseline measurement 
D)  Changing one variable at a time 
A)  Repeated measures 
B)  Random assignment to condition 
C)  Baseline measurement 
D)  Changing one variable at a time

Question 7

Examine the graph of Keith's behavior on p. 34. Does it appear that the treatment worked? How do you know?

Accepted Answer

It appears that the treatment worked. Th

Question 8

Describe the internal validity threat of maturation and give an example.

Accepted Answer

The internal validity threat of maturati

Question 9

Which of the following best depicts the pretest-posttest control-group design?

Accepted Answer

A)  A group of participants is pretested on some variable, experiences a treatment, and then is posttested. 
B)  A group of participants is pretested on some variable, and later they are posttested. 
C)  A group of participants is randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. 
D)  A group of participants is pretested, then randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group, and later is posttested. 
A)  A group of participants is pretested on some variable, experiences a treatment, and then is posttested. 
B)  A group of participants is pretested on some variable, and later they are posttested. 
C)  A group of participants is randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. 
D)  A group of participants is pretested, then randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group, and later is posttested.

Question 10

Juan conducts a study with a boy who has been inattentive during class. Juan first measures the number of times per class period the boy looks around the classroom without paying attention to the teacher. Then, Juan administers a treatment whereby the boy is given a reinforcement for each time that he pays attention to the teacher. Then, Juan takes away the reinforcement for a period of time to see if the inattentiveness returns. Finally, Juan reintroduces the reinforcement for attentive behavior. Juan has conducted which kind of experiment.

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B-A design 
B)  A-B-A-B design 
C)  Interrupted time-series design 
D)  Posttest-only control-group design 
A)  A-B-A design 
B)  A-B-A-B design 
C)  Interrupted time-series design 
D)  Posttest-only control-group design

Question 11

Why do researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Random assignment may not be possible when studying participants from certain groups. 
B)  Random assignment may not be possible because of expense or time difficulties. 
C)  Random assignment may not be ethical in some situations. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Random assignment may not be possible when studying participants from certain groups. 
B)  Random assignment may not be possible because of expense or time difficulties. 
C)  Random assignment may not be ethical in some situations. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 12

Consider the diagram below. Which experimental design is depicted?
$$\begin{array} { c c c c } 
\mathrm { R } & \mathrm { O } _ { 1 } & & \mathrm { O } _ { 2 } \
\mathrm { R } & \mathrm { O } _ { 3 } & \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { O } _ { 4 } \
\mathrm { R } & & & \mathrm { O } _ { 5 } \
\mathrm { R } & & \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { O } _ { 6 }
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

A)  the posttest-only control-group design 
B)  the pretest-posttest control-group design 
C)  the Solomon four-group design 
D)  the interrupted time-series design 
A)  the posttest-only control-group design 
B)  the pretest-posttest control-group design 
C)  the Solomon four-group design 
D)  the interrupted time-series design

Question 13

The Solomon four-group design contains, in total, _____ sets of data.

Accepted Answer

A)  4 
B)  6 
C)  8 
D)  12 
A)  4 
B)  6 
C)  8 
D)  12

Question 14

What is statistical regression? How does statistical regression relate to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Statistical regression is a method used

Question 15

Describe the internal validity threat of instrumentation and give an example.

Accepted Answer

The internal validity threat of instrume

Question 16

Questions refer to the following research study:
Ronda would like to assess the effects of a reading comprehension course on the scores of students. She gives a group of remedial students a reading comprehension pretest and then randomly assigns them to either the treatment group or the control group. Shortly after the treatment, she measures their reading comprehension scores again.
-What kind of research design did Ronda use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Solomon four-group design 
B)  Non-equivalent group design 
C)  Pretest-posttest control-group design 
D)  Interrupted time-series design 
A)  Solomon four-group design 
B)  Non-equivalent group design 
C)  Pretest-posttest control-group design 
D)  Interrupted time-series design

Question 17

The posttest-only control-group design consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment to conditions and a comparison between the treatment group(s) and the control group. 
B)  random assignment to conditions and an assessment of a control group only. 
C)  random assignment to conditions and a pretest/posttest comparison between the treatment group(s) and the control group. 
D)  random selection of participants and an assessment of a control group only. 
A)  random assignment to conditions and a comparison between the treatment group(s) and the control group. 
B)  random assignment to conditions and an assessment of a control group only. 
C)  random assignment to conditions and a pretest/posttest comparison between the treatment group(s) and the control group. 
D)  random selection of participants and an assessment of a control group only.

Question 18

In an A-B design, which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  History 
B)  Maturation 
C)  Instrumentation 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  History 
B)  Maturation 
C)  Instrumentation 
D)  All of the above.

Question 19

To ensure that behavior is consistent, researchers using the single-case experimental design use

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment. 
B)  repeated measures. 
C)  demand characteristics. 
D)  statistical regression. 
A)  random assignment. 
B)  repeated measures. 
C)  demand characteristics. 
D)  statistical regression.

Question 20

The posttest-only control-group design is equivalent to the

Accepted Answer

A)  single-case experimental design. 
B)  nonequivalent group design. 
C)  two-group design. 
D)  interrupted time-series design. 
A)  single-case experimental design. 
B)  nonequivalent group design. 
C)  two-group design. 
D)  interrupted time-series design.

Which of the following single-case experiments gives the best chance of isolating causation?

_______ occurs when an uncontrolled extraneous variable varies systematically with the IV.

When your experiment is internally valid, then

A researcher is conducting an interrupted time-series study and is worried that changes in behavior after treatment might be due to some important event other than the treatment. This researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

In single-case experiments, the letter ___ has referred to baseline measurements.

Which of the following is NOT a general procedure of single-case experimental designs?

Examine the graph of Keith's behavior on p. 34. Does it appear that the treatment worked? How do you know?

Describe the internal validity threat of maturation and give an example.

Which of the following best depicts the pretest-posttest control-group design?

Why do researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs?

Consider the diagram below. Which experimental design is depicted?

The Solomon four-group design contains, in total, _____ sets of data.

What is statistical regression? How does statistical regression relate to internal validity?

Describe the internal validity threat of instrumentation and give an example.

The posttest-only control-group design consists of

In an A-B design, which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity?

To ensure that behavior is consistent, researchers using the single-case experimental design use

The posttest-only control-group design is equivalent to the

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

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Exam 13: Alternative Research Designs

Which of the following single-case experiments gives the best chance of isolating causation?

_______ occurs when an uncontrolled extraneous variable varies systematically with the IV.

When your experiment is internally valid, then

A researcher is conducting an interrupted time-series study and is worried that changes in behavior after treatment might be due to some important event other than the treatment. This researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

In single-case experiments, the letter ___ has referred to baseline measurements.

Which of the following is NOT a general procedure of single-case experimental designs?

Examine the graph of Keith's behavior on p. 34. Does it appear that the treatment worked? How do you know?

Describe the internal validity threat of maturation and give an example.

Which of the following best depicts the pretest-posttest control-group design?

Why do researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs?

Consider the diagram below. Which experimental design is depicted?

The Solomon four-group design contains, in total, _____ sets of data.

What is statistical regression? How does statistical regression relate to internal validity?

Describe the internal validity threat of instrumentation and give an example.

The posttest-only control-group design consists of

In an A-B design, which of the following is a potential threat to internal validity?

To ensure that behavior is consistent, researchers using the single-case experimental design use

The posttest-only control-group design is equivalent to the

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

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