Question 1

Some researchers have argued that statistical tests should be conducted for single-case experiments

Accepted Answer

A)  because statistical analyses can reveal significant effects that do not show up in a visual inspection. 
B)  when a stable baseline has not emerged. 
C)  when a new area of research is being investigated. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  because statistical analyses can reveal significant effects that do not show up in a visual inspection. 
B)  when a stable baseline has not emerged. 
C)  when a new area of research is being investigated. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 2

A researcher conducts an experiment with Mary, an 8-year-old autistic girl. The researcher first measures how many times Mary hits her head against a wall per day (for a total of 10 days). Then, the researcher begins reinforcing Mary when she engages in productive behaviors (e.g., playing quietly) and does NOT hit her head against a wall. The researcher again measures how many times Mary hits her head against a wall per day (for a total of 10 days). What kind of research design has this researcher used?

Accepted Answer

A)  A-B-A 
B)  A-B-A-B 
C)  A-B 
D)  Interrupted time-series 
A)  A-B-A 
B)  A-B-A-B 
C)  A-B 
D)  Interrupted time-series

Question 3

Describe three reasons why researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs.

Accepted Answer

1. Lack of control over variables: In so

Question 4

Consider the pretest-posttest control-group design. Which of the following threats to internal validity is controlled in this design?

Accepted Answer

A)  History 
B)  Maturation 
C)  Testing 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  History 
B)  Maturation 
C)  Testing 
D)  All of the above.

Question 5

Describe diffusion of treatment and give an example. Why is diffusion of treatment a threat to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of treatment occurs when parti

Question 6

The A-B design is most similar to which of the following designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pretest-posttest control-group design 
B)  Pretest-posttest design with no control group 
C)  The Solomon four-group design 
D)  Posttest-only control group design 
A)  Pretest-posttest control-group design 
B)  Pretest-posttest design with no control group 
C)  The Solomon four-group design 
D)  Posttest-only control group design

Question 7

In single-case experiments, why do researchers only change one variable at a time?

Accepted Answer

In single-case experiments, researchers

Question 8

Has the use of single-case experimental designs increased or decreased over time? Why has this occurred?

Accepted Answer

The use of single-case experimental desi

Question 9

Who among these famous psychologists has conducted single-case experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ebbinghaus 
B)  Fechner 
C)  Wundt 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  Ebbinghaus 
B)  Fechner 
C)  Wundt 
D)  All of the above.

Question 10

The nonequivalent group design involves

Accepted Answer

A)  two groups that are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a comparison group. 
B)  two groups that are not randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a comparison group. 
C)  a single group of participants who is measured repeatedly during both pretreatment and posttreatment. 
D)  a single participant who is measured before treatment and after treatment. 
A)  two groups that are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a comparison group. 
B)  two groups that are not randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a comparison group. 
C)  a single group of participants who is measured repeatedly during both pretreatment and posttreatment. 
D)  a single participant who is measured before treatment and after treatment.

Question 11

Describe the posttest-only control-group design. How does it differ from the pretest-posttest control-group design? How does this design control threats to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

The posttest-only control-group design i

Question 12

Distinguish between random assignment and random selection. Which is relevant to internal validity and which is relevant to external validity? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment and random selection a

Question 13

In a nonequivalent group design, the nonequivalence of the groups is sometimes demonstrated by a pretest. If a researcher is worried that the units of measurement on the scale are not equal throughout the scale, the researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation 
B)  History 
C)  Statistical regression 
D)  Instrumentation 
A)  Maturation 
B)  History 
C)  Statistical regression 
D)  Instrumentation

Question 14

In a nonequivalent group design, why do we use the terms "treatment" and "comparison" instead of "experimental" and "control" groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants serve as their own comparison group; there is no true control group. 
B)  The nonequivalent group design is expressly used for clinical research, which is why the name changed from "experimental" to "treatment." 
C)  The researchers make "comparisons" to past research instead of having a "control" group. 
D)  The participants have not been randomly assigned to groups. 
A)  Participants serve as their own comparison group; there is no true control group. 
B)  The nonequivalent group design is expressly used for clinical research, which is why the name changed from "experimental" to "treatment." 
C)  The researchers make "comparisons" to past research instead of having a "control" group. 
D)  The participants have not been randomly assigned to groups.

Question 15

In a nonequivalent group design, it is possible that some local event could differentially affect our treatment and comparison groups. This threat to internal validity is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  maturation. 
B)  instrumentation. 
C)  an interaction between selection and history. 
D)  an interaction between selection and instrumentation. 
A)  maturation. 
B)  instrumentation. 
C)  an interaction between selection and history. 
D)  an interaction between selection and instrumentation.

Question 16

To control for history effects in an interrupted time-series study, a researcher includes a comparison group that does not receive the treatment. What is one drawback to using this technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  The comparison group may not be equivalent to the treatment group. 
B)  The comparison group is usually the same as the treatment group, and it is difficult for participants to "unlearn" the treatment. 
C)  The comparison group cannot be measured as often as the treatment group. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  The comparison group may not be equivalent to the treatment group. 
B)  The comparison group is usually the same as the treatment group, and it is difficult for participants to "unlearn" the treatment. 
C)  The comparison group cannot be measured as often as the treatment group. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 17

What are interactions with selection? Give an example and explain why it's a threat to internal validity.

Accepted Answer

Interactions with selection refer to sit

Question 18

Random assignment creates equal groups when

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumentation is not a factor in your experiment. 
B)  testing effects have been controlled in your experiment. 
C)  maturation has been controlled in your experiment. 
D)  the sample size is large. 
A)  instrumentation is not a factor in your experiment. 
B)  testing effects have been controlled in your experiment. 
C)  maturation has been controlled in your experiment. 
D)  the sample size is large.

Question 19

Describe at least four reasons why researchers choose to conduct single-case experiments.

Accepted Answer

There are several reasons why researcher

Question 20

__________ means that each participant has an equal chance of being in any of the groups in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

A)  Random assignment 
B)  Random selection 
C)  Statistical regression 
D)  Experimental mortality 
A)  Random assignment 
B)  Random selection 
C)  Statistical regression 
D)  Experimental mortality

Some researchers have argued that statistical tests should be conducted for single-case experiments

Describe three reasons why researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs.

Consider the pretest-posttest control-group design. Which of the following threats to internal validity is controlled in this design?

Describe diffusion of treatment and give an example. Why is diffusion of treatment a threat to internal validity?

The A-B design is most similar to which of the following designs?

In single-case experiments, why do researchers only change one variable at a time?

Has the use of single-case experimental designs increased or decreased over time? Why has this occurred?

Who among these famous psychologists has conducted single-case experiments?

The nonequivalent group design involves

Describe the posttest-only control-group design. How does it differ from the pretest-posttest control-group design? How does this design control threats to internal validity?

Distinguish between random assignment and random selection. Which is relevant to internal validity and which is relevant to external validity? Explain.

In a nonequivalent group design, the nonequivalence of the groups is sometimes demonstrated by a pretest. If a researcher is worried that the units of measurement on the scale are not equal throughout the scale, the researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

In a nonequivalent group design, why do we use the terms "treatment" and "comparison" instead of "experimental" and "control" groups?

In a nonequivalent group design, it is possible that some local event could differentially affect our treatment and comparison groups. This threat to internal validity is known as

To control for history effects in an interrupted time-series study, a researcher includes a comparison group that does not receive the treatment. What is one drawback to using this technique?

What are interactions with selection? Give an example and explain why it's a threat to internal validity.

Random assignment creates equal groups when

Describe at least four reasons why researchers choose to conduct single-case experiments.

__________ means that each participant has an equal chance of being in any of the groups in an experiment.

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

Filters

Exam 13: Alternative Research Designs

Some researchers have argued that statistical tests should be conducted for single-case experiments

Describe three reasons why researchers choose to use quasi-experimental designs.

Consider the pretest-posttest control-group design. Which of the following threats to internal validity is controlled in this design?

Describe diffusion of treatment and give an example. Why is diffusion of treatment a threat to internal validity?

The A-B design is most similar to which of the following designs?

In single-case experiments, why do researchers only change one variable at a time?

Has the use of single-case experimental designs increased or decreased over time? Why has this occurred?

Who among these famous psychologists has conducted single-case experiments?

The nonequivalent group design involves

Describe the posttest-only control-group design. How does it differ from the pretest-posttest control-group design? How does this design control threats to internal validity?

Distinguish between random assignment and random selection. Which is relevant to internal validity and which is relevant to external validity? Explain.

In a nonequivalent group design, the nonequivalence of the groups is sometimes demonstrated by a pretest. If a researcher is worried that the units of measurement on the scale are not equal throughout the scale, the researcher is worried about which threat to internal validity?

In a nonequivalent group design, why do we use the terms "treatment" and "comparison" instead of "experimental" and "control" groups?

In a nonequivalent group design, it is possible that some local event could differentially affect our treatment and comparison groups. This threat to internal validity is known as

To control for history effects in an interrupted time-series study, a researcher includes a comparison group that does not receive the treatment. What is one drawback to using this technique?

What are interactions with selection? Give an example and explain why it's a threat to internal validity.

Random assignment creates equal groups when

Describe at least four reasons why researchers choose to conduct single-case experiments.

__________ means that each participant has an equal chance of being in any of the groups in an experiment.

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

Filters