Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: $\begin{array}{c} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\ \begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$ SOURCE TABLE $\begin{array}{lcccccc} \text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\ \text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\ \quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\ & & & & & \\ \text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\ \text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\ \\ \text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29 \end{array}$ -Refer to Table 12-2. Overall, what is the mean number of shocks administered by women?

A) 14.20 B) 13.60 C) 13.00 D) 13.40 A) 14.20 B) 13.60 C) 13.00 D) 13.40

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: $\begin{array}{c} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\ \begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$ SOURCE TABLE $\begin{array}{lcccccc} \text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\ \text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\ \quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\ & & & & & \\ \text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\ \text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\ \\ \text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29 \end{array}$ -Refer to Table 12-4. What is the dependent variable in this study?

A) time that positive affect was assessed (before the experiment, after the experiment) B) confederate demeanor C) positive affect score D) ethnicity of experimenter A) time that positive affect was assessed (before the experiment, after the experiment) B) confederate demeanor C) positive affect score D) ethnicity of experimenter

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: $\begin{array}{c} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\ \begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$ SOURCE TABLE $\begin{array}{lcccccc} \text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\ \text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\ \quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\ & & & & & \\ \text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\ \text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\ \\ \text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29 \end{array}$ -Refer to Table 12-3. Overall, participants recalled an average of _______ frowns and ________ smiles.

A) 8.00; 7.88 B) 7.94; 3.76 C) 5.32; 6.38 D) 6.38; 5.32 A) 8.00; 7.88 B) 7.94; 3.76 C) 5.32; 6.38 D) 6.38; 5.32

Exam 12: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task. TAELE OF MEANS: TONE INTENSITY LOUD SOFT ROW M Participant Female 516.70 834.50 675.60 Sex Male 528.80 763.80 646.30 COLUMN M 522.75 799.15 $\text { Pop. } M = 660.95$ SOURCE TAELE -Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

(Short Answer)

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Question 181

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED BEFORE EXPERIMENT AFTER EXPERIMENT ROW M Confederate Pleasant 11.10 13.30 12.20 Demeanor Unpleasant 10.60 3.50 7.05 COLUMN M 10.85 8.40 Pop. =9.63 SOURCE TABLE SOURCE SS df MS F p Between subjects effects Confederate Demeanor 265.23 1 3705.63 420.43 .000 Error 158.65 18 8.81 Within subjects effects Time 60.03 1 60.03 18.14 .000 Confederate x Time 216.23 1 216.23 65.69 .000 Error 59.25 18 3.29 -Refer to Table 12-2. Overall, what is the mean number of shocks administered by women?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 182

Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. This study is best conceptualized as a ________ design.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 183

Variability in DV scores due to factors other than the IV is known as _______ variability.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 184

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task. Table 12-2 TAELE OF MEANS: ARM TICKLE TICKLE NO TICKLE ROW M Flash of Flash 784.60 627.60 706.10 Light No Flash 547.30 395.50 471.40 COLUMN M 665.95 511.55 $\text { Pop. } M = 588.75$ SOURCE TAELE SOURCE SS df MS F p Flash of Light Arm Tickle 550840.90 1 550840.90 223.79 .000 Light x Tickle 238393.60 1 238393.60 327.72 .000 Residual 67.60 1 67.60 0.02 .884 -What is the dependent variable?

(Essay)

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Question 185

Explain in words (using APA-format) the interaction between flash of light and arm tickle.

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Question 186

Explain why it is usually easier to achieve significance using a correlated-groups design than an independent-groups design.

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Question 187

Variability in DV scores due to the effects of the IV is known as _______ variability.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 188

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED BEFORE EXPERIMENT AFTER EXPERIMENT ROW M Confederate Pleasant 11.10 13.30 12.20 Demeanor Unpleasant 10.60 3.50 7.05 COLUMN M 10.85 8.40 Pop. =9.63 SOURCE TABLE SOURCE SS df MS F p Between subjects effects Confederate Demeanor 265.23 1 3705.63 420.43 .000 Error 158.65 18 8.81 Within subjects effects Time 60.03 1 60.03 18.14 .000 Confederate x Time 216.23 1 216.23 65.69 .000 Error 59.25 18 3.29 -Refer to Table 12-4. What is the dependent variable in this study?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 189

Marginally significant results have an increased risk of being

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 190

What is the other independent variable?

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Question 191

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task. TAELE OF MEANS: TONE INTENSITY LOUD SOFT ROW M Participant Female 516.70 834.50 675.60 Sex Male 528.80 763.80 646.30 COLUMN M 522.75 799.15 $\text { Pop. } M = 660.95$ SOURCE TAELE -What is the other independent variable?

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Question 192

What is the dependent variable?

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Question 193

Jason is interested in examining how sex of participant affects liking of a female instructor. Male and female participants are surveyed on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester in terms of their liking for their instructor. What kind of analysis will Jason use?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 194

What is one independent variable? How many levels does it have? Is it a between-groups IV or a within-groups IV?

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Question 195

What does it mean when a researcher engages in programmatic research?

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Question 196

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED BEFORE EXPERIMENT AFTER EXPERIMENT ROW M Confederate Pleasant 11.10 13.30 12.20 Demeanor Unpleasant 10.60 3.50 7.05 COLUMN M 10.85 8.40 Pop. =9.63 SOURCE TABLE SOURCE SS df MS F p Between subjects effects Confederate Demeanor 265.23 1 3705.63 420.43 .000 Error 158.65 18 8.81 Within subjects effects Time 60.03 1 60.03 18.14 .000 Confederate x Time 216.23 1 216.23 65.69 .000 Error 59.25 18 3.29 -Refer to Table 12-3. Overall, participants recalled an average of _ frowns and __ smiles.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 197

Which of the following is an impossible factorial design?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 198

A 2 x 3 design would require ____ treatment conditions.

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 199

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

(Short Answer)

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Question 200

Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. This study is best conceptualized as a ________ design.

Variability in DV scores due to factors other than the IV is known as _______ variability.

Explain in words (using APA-format) the interaction between flash of light and arm tickle.

Explain why it is usually easier to achieve significance using a correlated-groups design than an independent-groups design.

Variability in DV scores due to the effects of the IV is known as _______ variability.

Marginally significant results have an increased risk of being

What is the other independent variable?

What is the dependent variable?

Jason is interested in examining how sex of participant affects liking of a female instructor. Male and female participants are surveyed on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester in terms of their liking for their instructor. What kind of analysis will Jason use?

What is one independent variable? How many levels does it have? Is it a between-groups IV or a within-groups IV?

What does it mean when a researcher engages in programmatic research?

Which of the following is an impossible factorial design?

A 2 x 3 design would require ____ treatment conditions.

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Alternative Research Designs

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

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