Question 1

How can hormone(s) cause the upregulation of the glucose transporter type 4 protein in liver and adipose cells?

Accepted Answer

Pancreatic beta (@#LAT-DLM&) cells secrete insulin

Question 2

Which of the following would be expected to be degraded by the proteasome in a cell that has been exposed to TNF-$\alpha$ ?

Accepted Answer

A)  IRS1 
B)  phosphorylated IRS1 
C)  phosphorylated IF$\kappa$B$\alpha$ 
D)  NF$\kappa$B 
A)  IRS1 
B)  phosphorylated IRS1 
C)  phosphorylated IF$\kappa$B$\alpha$ 
D)  NF$\kappa$B

Question 3

When calories consumed/day is equal to the calories expended/day, a person is considered to have a(n) _. Describe the role of leptin in this process.

Accepted Answer

Energy balance. Leptin synthesis in visc

Question 4

Activation of __________ in __________ leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Accepted Answer

A)  IKK; adipocytes 
B)  p38 MAP kinase; adipocytes 
C)  p38 MAP kinase; liver cells 
D)  JNK; adipocytes 
A)  IKK; adipocytes 
B)  p38 MAP kinase; adipocytes 
C)  p38 MAP kinase; liver cells 
D)  JNK; adipocytes

Question 5

Metformin is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  "$\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitor." 
B)  "sulfonylurea inhibitor of pancreatic ATP-dependent K+ channels." 
C)  "AMPK stimulator." 
D)  "PPAR$\gamma$ agonist." 
A)  "$\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitor." 
B)  "sulfonylurea inhibitor of pancreatic ATP-dependent K+ channels." 
C)  "AMPK stimulator." 
D)  "PPAR$\gamma$ agonist."

Question 6

Which of the following neurons is a second-order neuron and therefore does NOT respond directly to leptin?

Accepted Answer

A)  POMC 
B)  orexigenic 
C)  NPY 
D)  AGRP 
A)  POMC 
B)  orexigenic 
C)  NPY 
D)  AGRP

Question 7

Distinguish between the main energy sources of brain versus cardiac muscle.

Accepted Answer

The brain requires g

Question 8

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF-$\alpha$exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

Accepted Answer

On TNF-@#LAT-DLM& exposure IRS1 would be

Question 9

What is the physiological importance of PPAR$\alpha$signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

Accepted Answer

PPAR@#LAT-DLM& signaling after overnight fasting s

Question 10

Insulin-resistant diabetes, once called adult-onset diabetes, is now known as . Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes; Insulin-resistant type

Question 11

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Administer insulin and monitor

Question 12

Which tissue participates in the Cori cycle in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  adipose tissue 
C)  kidney 
D)  brain 
A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  adipose tissue 
C)  kidney 
D)  brain

Question 13

What is the expected outcome in a liver cell after exposure to insulin?

Accepted Answer

A)  activation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
B)  allosteric inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 
C)  phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,5-bisphosphatase 
D)  increased cytoplasmic concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 
A)  activation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
B)  allosteric inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 
C)  phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,5-bisphosphatase 
D)  increased cytoplasmic concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 14

If the bottom curve in this experiment represents the results from a normal human, the top curve represent the results from a human with what disease?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the bottom curve in this experiment...

Question 15

This is a Western blot of wild-type neurons after exposure to leptin. Choose the sample (A, B, C, or D) that represents the expected data for POMC neurons and explain the reason for your choice.

Accepted Answer

Sample B represents the data f

Question 16

A comparison of kidney and liver would show that both

Accepted Answer

A)  accept blood through the portal vein. 
B)  express glucokinase. 
C)  express phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 
D)  express adipokines. 
A)  accept blood through the portal vein. 
B)  express glucokinase. 
C)  express phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 
D)  express adipokines.

Question 17

Compared with a normal patient, a person with type 1 diabetes would display during a glucose tolerance test.

Accepted Answer

A)  lower starting blood glucose level 
B)  more rapid rise in blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution 
C)  more rapid recovery to normal blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution 
D)  reduction in blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution 
A)  lower starting blood glucose level 
B)  more rapid rise in blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution 
C)  more rapid recovery to normal blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution 
D)  reduction in blood glucose levels after drinking the glucose solution

Question 18

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR$\gamma$?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR$\gamma$?...

Question 19

Which of the following would show increased activity levels in a liver cell after exposure to insulin?

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorylase kinase 
B)  phosphofructokinase-1 
C)  glycogen phosphorylase 
D)  fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
A)  phosphorylase kinase 
B)  phosphofructokinase-1 
C)  glycogen phosphorylase 
D)  fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Question 20

Analysis of enzyme activity in both liver and muscle cells on insulin exposure would show a decrease in the activity of

Accepted Answer

A)  glycogen phosphorylase. 
B)  fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. 
C)  pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 
D)  phosphofructokinase-1. 
A)  glycogen phosphorylase. 
B)  fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. 
C)  pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 
D)  phosphofructokinase-1.

Exam 19: Metabolic Integration

How can hormone(s) cause the upregulation of the glucose transporter type 4 protein in liver and adipose cells?

Which of the following would be expected to be degraded by the proteasome in a cell that has been exposed to TNF- α\alphaα ?

When calories consumed/day is equal to the calories expended/day, a person is considered to have a(n) _. Describe the role of leptin in this process.

Activation of __________ in __________ leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Metformin is a(n)

Which of the following neurons is a second-order neuron and therefore does NOT respond directly to leptin?

Distinguish between the main energy sources of brain versus cardiac muscle.

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- α\alphaα exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

What is the physiological importance of PPAR α\alphaα signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

Insulin-resistant diabetes, once called adult-onset diabetes, is now known as . Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Which tissue participates in the Cori cycle in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis?

What is the expected outcome in a liver cell after exposure to insulin?

If the bottom curve in this experiment represents the results from a normal human, the top curve represent the results from a human with what disease?

This is a Western blot of wild-type neurons after exposure to leptin. Choose the sample (A, B, C, or D) that represents the expected data for POMC neurons and explain the reason for your choice.

A comparison of kidney and liver would show that both

Compared with a normal patient, a person with type 1 diabetes would display during a glucose tolerance test.

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR γ\gammaγ ?

Which of the following would show increased activity levels in a liver cell after exposure to insulin?

Analysis of enzyme activity in both liver and muscle cells on insulin exposure would show a decrease in the activity of

Principles of Biochemistry

Physical Biochemistry: Energy Conversion, Water, and Membranes

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

Protein Structure

Methods in Protein Biochemistry

Protein Function

Enzyme Mechanisms

Cell Signaling Systems

Glycolysis: a Paradigm of Metabolic Regulation

The Citrate Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Lipid Structure and Function

Lipid Metabolism

Amino Acid Metabolism

Nucleotide Metabolism

DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

RNA Synthesis, Processing, and Gene Silencing

Protein Synthesis, Posttranslational Modification, and Transport

Gene Regulation

Filters

Which of the following would be expected to be degraded by the proteasome in a cell that has been exposed to TNF- $\alpha$ ?

Activation of in leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- $\alpha$ exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

What is the physiological importance of PPAR $\alpha$ signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR $\gamma$ ?