Question 1

The smell of bread baking triggers a sensory response comprising multiple steps.Which is the first step of this process?

Accepted Answer

A)  A G protein activates an enzyme. 
B)  A second messenger opens an ion channel. 
C)  Graded depolarization leads to an action potential. 
D)  An enzyme stimulates second messenger production. 
E)  An odorant molecule binds to a G protein-linked receptor. 
A)  A G protein activates an enzyme. 
B)  A second messenger opens an ion channel. 
C)  Graded depolarization leads to an action potential. 
D)  An enzyme stimulates second messenger production. 
E)  An odorant molecule binds to a G protein-linked receptor.

Question 2

A certain cell is highly elongated and is able to conduct an action potential to a specific location.It is also able to integrate signals from many other cells into a single output.This type of cell is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  neuron. 
B)  glial cell. 
C)  muscle cell. 
D)  oligodendrocyte. 
E)  Schwann cell. 
A)  neuron. 
B)  glial cell. 
C)  muscle cell. 
D)  oligodendrocyte. 
E)  Schwann cell.

Question 3

A person who suddenly smells an extremely strong,offensive odor is able to perceive it as strong because of the

Accepted Answer

A)  offensiveness of the odor. 
B)  strength of each action potential. 
C)  brain location to which the stimulus goes. 
D)  frequency of action potentials reaching the brain. 
E)  suddenness with which the stimulus was perceived. 
A)  offensiveness of the odor. 
B)  strength of each action potential. 
C)  brain location to which the stimulus goes. 
D)  frequency of action potentials reaching the brain. 
E)  suddenness with which the stimulus was perceived.

Question 4

The function of combining and integrating incoming signals into a single output occurs in which part of the neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Axon 
B)  Dendrites 
C)  Cell body and axon hillock 
D)  Presynaptic axon terminals 
E)  Postsynaptic axon terminals 
A)  Axon 
B)  Dendrites 
C)  Cell body and axon hillock 
D)  Presynaptic axon terminals 
E)  Postsynaptic axon terminals

Question 5

Refer to the diagram below showing the response of a muscle spindle to a stretch stimulus.What happens to the size and frequency of action potentials as the strength of the stretch stimulus increases?

Accepted Answer

As the strength of the stretch stimulus

Question 6

In a situation that requires the most rapid possible response as an action potential crosses the synaptic cleft,_______ provide fast,invariant signal transmission.

Accepted Answer

A)  motor end-plates 
B)  nodes of Ranvier 
C)  chemical synapses 
D)  electrical synapses 
E)  neuromuscular junctions 
A)  motor end-plates 
B)  nodes of Ranvier 
C)  chemical synapses 
D)  electrical synapses 
E)  neuromuscular junctions

Question 7

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the

Accepted Answer

A)  size of the synapse. 
B)  presynaptic axon terminal. 
C)  type of neurotransmitter. 
D)  nature of the postsynaptic receptors. 
E)  concentration of neurotransmitter in the synaptic space. 
A)  size of the synapse. 
B)  presynaptic axon terminal. 
C)  type of neurotransmitter. 
D)  nature of the postsynaptic receptors. 
E)  concentration of neurotransmitter in the synaptic space.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Supplying nutrients 
B)  Insulating nerve tissue 
C)  Conducting nerve impulses 
D)  Consuming foreign particles 
E)  Orienting neurons during embryonic development 
A)  Supplying nutrients 
B)  Insulating nerve tissue 
C)  Conducting nerve impulses 
D)  Consuming foreign particles 
E)  Orienting neurons during embryonic development

Question 9

The difference between an IPSP and an EPSP is that an EPSP produces

Accepted Answer

A)  membrane depolarization and makes an action potential less likely. 
B)  membrane depolarization and makes an action potential more likely. 
C)  membrane hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely. 
D)  membrane hyperpolarization and makes an action potential more likely. 
E)  graded membrane depolarization,while an IPSP produces an all-or-none response. 
A)  membrane depolarization and makes an action potential less likely. 
B)  membrane depolarization and makes an action potential more likely. 
C)  membrane hyperpolarization and makes an action potential less likely. 
D)  membrane hyperpolarization and makes an action potential more likely. 
E)  graded membrane depolarization,while an IPSP produces an all-or-none response.

Question 10

Define synaptic plasticity,and explain why it is important.Give an example.

Accepted Answer

Synaptic plasticity involves the product

Question 11

A neurotransmitter receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel,and neurotransmitter binding to this receptor results in a rapid but short-lived change in the postsynaptic membrane potential.This type of receptor is most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  synaptic. 
B)  excitatory. 
C)  inhibitory. 
D)  ionotropic. 
E)  metabotropic. 
A)  synaptic. 
B)  excitatory. 
C)  inhibitory. 
D)  ionotropic. 
E)  metabotropic.

Question 12

How do graded changes in membrane potential give rise to all-or-none changes that generate action potentials?

Accepted Answer

A)  The membrane recognizes only action potentials generated by positive ions,causing a voltage threshold to be reached. 
B)  The membrane recognizes only action potentials generated by negative ions,causing a voltage threshold to be reached. 
C)  Many graded potentials at different points along the membrane are summed,causing the voltage threshold to be reached. 
D)  Many graded potentials reaching the same point on the membrane are summed,causing the voltage threshold to be reached. 
E)  The membrane allows only voltage-gated channels to open and close,enabling an electrical charge gradient to be created. 
A)  The membrane recognizes only action potentials generated by positive ions,causing a voltage threshold to be reached. 
B)  The membrane recognizes only action potentials generated by negative ions,causing a voltage threshold to be reached. 
C)  Many graded potentials at different points along the membrane are summed,causing the voltage threshold to be reached. 
D)  Many graded potentials reaching the same point on the membrane are summed,causing the voltage threshold to be reached. 
E)  The membrane allows only voltage-gated channels to open and close,enabling an electrical charge gradient to be created.

Question 13

How do neurons in the nerve net of a jellyfish differ from those in vertebrate nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

A)  They do not send action potentials. 
B)  They are not connected by synapses. 
C)  They are more numerous. 
D)  They lack centralization and cephalization. 
E)  They are centralized but they lack cephalization. 
A)  They do not send action potentials. 
B)  They are not connected by synapses. 
C)  They are more numerous. 
D)  They lack centralization and cephalization. 
E)  They are centralized but they lack cephalization.

Question 14

The four functional regions of a typical neuron include all of the following except the

Accepted Answer

A)  axon. 
B)  synaptic cleft. 
C)  cell body. 
D)  dendrites 
E)  presynaptic axon terminals. 
A)  axon. 
B)  synaptic cleft. 
C)  cell body. 
D)  dendrites 
E)  presynaptic axon terminals.

Question 15

A sensory neuron from a muscle cell enters the spinal cord and synapses with a single interneuron.The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron,sending a response back to the muscle cell.This process is called a spinal _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sensory neuron from a muscle cell...

Question 16

An animal's sensory processes enable it to detect and respond to

Accepted Answer

A)  its external environment only. 
B)  its internal physical status only. 
C)  both internal and external environmental factors. 
D)  only information entering the body in electrical form. 
E)  only information relating to the typical "five senses." 
A)  its external environment only. 
B)  its internal physical status only. 
C)  both internal and external environmental factors. 
D)  only information entering the body in electrical form. 
E)  only information relating to the typical "five senses."

Question 17

Refer to the graphs below.In this experiment,researchers studied squid neuromuscular junctions.The graphs show membrane potential at the presynaptic (top)and postsynaptic (bottom)membrane for controls and two treatments.(BAPTA is a chemical that binds Ca2+ ions. )What do the graphs indicate about the role of calcium in transferring an action potential across a neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Experiment 1 shows that calcium injectio

Question 18

Do autonomic functions,such as breathing,heart rate,and contraction of blood vessels and intestinal muscles,utilize sensory inputs?

Accepted Answer

A)  No;they are internal and function regardless of inputs from the environment. 
B)  No;they are essential to life and must occur automatically,in spite of environmental conditions. 
C)  No;they are regulated only by efferent (motor)neurons,so they have no sensory inputs. 
D)  Yes;they can be regulated by internal sensory inputs,such as concentrations of gas or chemicals. 
E)  Yes;they are controlled entirely from the spinal cord and receive sensory inputs from ganglia in that region. 
A)  No;they are internal and function regardless of inputs from the environment. 
B)  No;they are essential to life and must occur automatically,in spite of environmental conditions. 
C)  No;they are regulated only by efferent (motor)neurons,so they have no sensory inputs. 
D)  Yes;they can be regulated by internal sensory inputs,such as concentrations of gas or chemicals. 
E)  Yes;they are controlled entirely from the spinal cord and receive sensory inputs from ganglia in that region.

Question 19

During vertebrate evolution,which part of the brain has shown the greatest increase in size?

Accepted Answer

A)  Midbrain 
B)  Hindbrain 
C)  Cerebellum 
D)  Medulla oblongata 
E)  Cerebral hemispheres 
A)  Midbrain 
B)  Hindbrain 
C)  Cerebellum 
D)  Medulla oblongata 
E)  Cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

Which characteristic,found in the nervous systems of arthropods such as insects,is not shared by vertebrate nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

A)  A brain at the head end 
B)  A dorsal,hollow nerve cord 
C)  A ventral,hollow nerve cord 
D)  A ganglion in every body segment 
E)  A continuous column of spinal cord tissue 
A)  A brain at the head end 
B)  A dorsal,hollow nerve cord 
C)  A ventral,hollow nerve cord 
D)  A ganglion in every body segment 
E)  A continuous column of spinal cord tissue

Exam 34: Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

The smell of bread baking triggers a sensory response comprising multiple steps.Which is the first step of this process?

A certain cell is highly elongated and is able to conduct an action potential to a specific location.It is also able to integrate signals from many other cells into a single output.This type of cell is a(n)

A person who suddenly smells an extremely strong,offensive odor is able to perceive it as strong because of the

The function of combining and integrating incoming signals into a single output occurs in which part of the neuron?

Refer to the diagram below showing the response of a muscle spindle to a stretch stimulus.What happens to the size and frequency of action potentials as the strength of the stretch stimulus increases?

In a situation that requires the most rapid possible response as an action potential crosses the synaptic cleft,_______ provide fast,invariant signal transmission.

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the

Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

The difference between an IPSP and an EPSP is that an EPSP produces

Define synaptic plasticity,and explain why it is important.Give an example.

A neurotransmitter receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel,and neurotransmitter binding to this receptor results in a rapid but short-lived change in the postsynaptic membrane potential.This type of receptor is most likely

How do graded changes in membrane potential give rise to all-or-none changes that generate action potentials?

How do neurons in the nerve net of a jellyfish differ from those in vertebrate nervous systems?

The four functional regions of a typical neuron include all of the following except the

A sensory neuron from a muscle cell enters the spinal cord and synapses with a single interneuron.The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron,sending a response back to the muscle cell.This process is called a spinal _______.

An animal's sensory processes enable it to detect and respond to

Do autonomic functions,such as breathing,heart rate,and contraction of blood vessels and intestinal muscles,utilize sensory inputs?

During vertebrate evolution,which part of the brain has shown the greatest increase in size?

Which characteristic,found in the nervous systems of arthropods such as insects,is not shared by vertebrate nervous systems?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

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