Question 1

What is controlled processing,and how does controlled processing act as a check and balance for automatic processing?

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing is thinking that i

Question 2

Recall that a group of researchers interviewed people who had suffered the loss of a spouse or child.They found that the more ____,the more distress the survivors reported.

Accepted Answer

A) violent the cause of death 
B) easily they could imagine how the death could have been prevented 
C) vivid the survivors' memories of the death 
D) unpreventable the deaths were perceived to be 
A) violent the cause of death 
B) easily they could imagine how the death could have been prevented 
C) vivid the survivors' memories of the death 
D) unpreventable the deaths were perceived to be

Question 3

"If it walks like a duck,and quacks like a duck,it must be a duck," the adage goes.This expression best captures the essence of the

Accepted Answer

A) fundamental attribution error. 
B) representativeness heuristic. 
C) availability heuristic. 
D) correspondence heuristic. 
A) fundamental attribution error. 
B) representativeness heuristic. 
C) availability heuristic. 
D) correspondence heuristic.

Question 4

Counterfactual reasoning is like controlled processing in that it is ____,but it can be like automatic processing in that it may be ____.

Accepted Answer

A) conscious; effortless 
B) effortful; involuntary 
C) intentional; nonconscious 
D) voluntary; instantaneous 
A) conscious; effortless 
B) effortful; involuntary 
C) intentional; nonconscious 
D) voluntary; instantaneous

Question 5

According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues (1983,1986,1987),how might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) ____ course.

Accepted Answer

A) chemistry 
B) statistics 
C) economics 
D) history 
A) chemistry 
B) statistics 
C) economics 
D) history

Question 6

According to the authors of your text,priming

Accepted Answer

A) is a controlled process. 
B) is automatic and nonconscious. 
C) is caused by the accessibility of our current goals. 
D) is both automatic and conscious. 
A) is a controlled process. 
B) is automatic and nonconscious. 
C) is caused by the accessibility of our current goals. 
D) is both automatic and conscious.

Question 7

The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments is the definition of ____,according to the authors of your text.

Accepted Answer

A) counterfactual thinking 
B) self-fulfilling prophecy 
C) controlled processing 
D) overconfidence barrier 
A) counterfactual thinking 
B) self-fulfilling prophecy 
C) controlled processing 
D) overconfidence barrier

Question 8

In a study by Correll et al.(2002)described in the text,people played a video game in which they saw white and black people holding either a gun or a cell phone,and had to press either a "shoot" button or a "don't shoot" button.The results of the study showed a "shooter bias." This meant that people were more likely to press the "shoot" button

Accepted Answer

A) regardless of whether the target had a gun or a cell phone. 
B) regardless of whether the target was white or black. 
C) regardless of what the target held,but only if the target was black. 
D) regardless of whether the target was white or black,but only if they held a gun. 
A) regardless of whether the target had a gun or a cell phone. 
B) regardless of whether the target was white or black. 
C) regardless of what the target held,but only if the target was black. 
D) regardless of whether the target was white or black,but only if they held a gun.

Question 9

A study conducted by Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)investigated ways to reduce errors in judgment.When they asked participants to consider and think about the opposite point of view to their own,this successfully reduced their errors.Why?

Accepted Answer

A) They realized there were other ways to construe the world. 
B) They realized that they actually had some pretty bad arguments. 
C) They accepted that their original perspective was misguided. 
D) They learned not to feel threatened by new things. 
A) They realized there were other ways to construe the world. 
B) They realized that they actually had some pretty bad arguments. 
C) They accepted that their original perspective was misguided. 
D) They learned not to feel threatened by new things.

Question 10

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late,he missed getting an "A" in the class.He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words,his counterfactual thinking has turned into ____.

Accepted Answer

A) thought suppression 
B) rumination 
C) heuristics 
D) controlled thinking 
A) thought suppression 
B) rumination 
C) heuristics 
D) controlled thinking

Question 11

Researchers Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)conducted a study investigating ways to reduce errors in judgment.Which tactic was successful?

Accepted Answer

A) being told by peers that they were wrong 
B) considering the opposite point of view 
C) speaking publicly about their perspective 
D) listening to a lecture about the topic 
A) being told by peers that they were wrong 
B) considering the opposite point of view 
C) speaking publicly about their perspective 
D) listening to a lecture about the topic

Question 12

Miyamoto and colleagues conducted a study in which participants viewed either photos of U.S.city scenes or Japanese city scenes,then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures.The researchers found evidence that viewing Japanese city scenes

Accepted Answer

A) primed holistic thinking style. 
B) was an ineffective way of priming thinking style. 
C) primed analytic thinking style. 
D) only primed holistic thinking in people with beliefs in Eastern philosophies. 
A) primed holistic thinking style. 
B) was an ineffective way of priming thinking style. 
C) primed analytic thinking style. 
D) only primed holistic thinking in people with beliefs in Eastern philosophies.

Question 13

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) controlled process. 
B) automatic process. 
C) schema. 
D) social cognition. 
A) controlled process. 
B) automatic process. 
C) schema. 
D) social cognition.

Question 14

Elmer was trying desperately to forget about his embarrassing experience at the bar over the weekend. According to the authors of your text,Elmer is engaging in

Accepted Answer

A) counterfactual thinking. 
B) thought suppression. 
C) automatic processing. 
D) priming. 
A) counterfactual thinking. 
B) thought suppression. 
C) automatic processing. 
D) priming.

Question 15

What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed?

Accepted Answer

A) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to preserve our self-esteem. 
B) Schema-confirming behaviors are conscious and deliberate. 
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious,inadvertent processes. 
D) Because their job is assessment of performance,educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy. 
A) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to preserve our self-esteem. 
B) Schema-confirming behaviors are conscious and deliberate. 
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious,inadvertent processes. 
D) Because their job is assessment of performance,educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 16

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes,and behaved in a very cocky,arrogant way during the lecture.All students viewed the lecturer as arrogant,but differed in their assessments of how humorous he was.These results suggest that schemas are

Accepted Answer

A) modifiable. 
B) more likely to be used to interpret ambiguous behaviors. 
C) abandoned in the face of ambiguous behaviors. 
D) specific to a particular situation. 
A) modifiable. 
B) more likely to be used to interpret ambiguous behaviors. 
C) abandoned in the face of ambiguous behaviors. 
D) specific to a particular situation.

Question 17

Blair's co-worker,Susan,asks her,"Am I a good employee?" Blair hadn't really thought about it before,but using the availability heuristic,which of the following thought processes is she most likely to have?

Accepted Answer

A) Blair recalls the last few times she's seen Susan do a good job,and tells her yes. 
B) Blair makes a list of every behavior Susan has done in the organization before answering. 
C) Blair uses the oldest information she can recall about Susan's performance. 
D) Blair makes a snap judgment based on what she thinks Susan wants to hear. 
A) Blair recalls the last few times she's seen Susan do a good job,and tells her yes. 
B) Blair makes a list of every behavior Susan has done in the organization before answering. 
C) Blair uses the oldest information she can recall about Susan's performance. 
D) Blair makes a snap judgment based on what she thinks Susan wants to hear.

Question 18

____ refers to the way people select,interpret,remember,and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

Accepted Answer

A) Social cognition 
B) Schemas 
C) Counterfactual thinking 
D) Decision rules 
A) Social cognition 
B) Schemas 
C) Counterfactual thinking 
D) Decision rules

Question 19

The authors of your textbook point out that it is reasonable to use schemas to resolve ambiguity,but that this can become problematic when the schema is

Accepted Answer

A) negative. 
B) unclear. 
C) newly developed. 
D) inaccurate. 
A) negative. 
B) unclear. 
C) newly developed. 
D) inaccurate.

Question 20

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be ____ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema 
B) more; ego-defensive biases 
C) less; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema 
D) less; ego-defensive biases 
A) more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema 
B) more; ego-defensive biases 
C) less; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema 
D) less; ego-defensive biases

What is controlled processing,and how does controlled processing act as a check and balance for automatic processing?

Recall that a group of researchers interviewed people who had suffered the loss of a spouse or child.They found that the more ____,the more distress the survivors reported.

"If it walks like a duck,and quacks like a duck,it must be a duck," the adage goes.This expression best captures the essence of the

Counterfactual reasoning is like controlled processing in that it is ,but it can be like automatic processing in that it may be .

According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues (1983,1986,1987),how might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) ____ course.

According to the authors of your text,priming

The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments is the definition of ____,according to the authors of your text.

A study conducted by Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)investigated ways to reduce errors in judgment.When they asked participants to consider and think about the opposite point of view to their own,this successfully reduced their errors.Why?

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late,he missed getting an "A" in the class.He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words,his counterfactual thinking has turned into ____.

Researchers Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)conducted a study investigating ways to reduce errors in judgment.Which tactic was successful?

Miyamoto and colleagues conducted a study in which participants viewed either photos of U.S.city scenes or Japanese city scenes,then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures.The researchers found evidence that viewing Japanese city scenes

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of a(n)

Elmer was trying desperately to forget about his embarrassing experience at the bar over the weekend. According to the authors of your text,Elmer is engaging in

What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed?

Blair's co-worker,Susan,asks her,"Am I a good employee?" Blair hadn't really thought about it before,but using the availability heuristic,which of the following thought processes is she most likely to have?

____ refers to the way people select,interpret,remember,and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

The authors of your textbook point out that it is reasonable to use schemas to resolve ambiguity,but that this can become problematic when the schema is

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of .

Introducing Social Psychology

Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research

Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People

The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction

Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings

Conformity: Influencing Behavior

Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups

Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships

Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help

Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People

Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Filters

Exam 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

What is controlled processing,and how does controlled processing act as a check and balance for automatic processing?

Recall that a group of researchers interviewed people who had suffered the loss of a spouse or child.They found that the more ____,the more distress the survivors reported.

"If it walks like a duck,and quacks like a duck,it must be a duck," the adage goes.This expression best captures the essence of the

Counterfactual reasoning is like controlled processing in that it is ____,but it can be like automatic processing in that it may be ____.

According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues (1983,1986,1987),how might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) ____ course.

According to the authors of your text,priming

The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments is the definition of ____,according to the authors of your text.

A study conducted by Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)investigated ways to reduce errors in judgment.When they asked participants to consider and think about the opposite point of view to their own,this successfully reduced their errors.Why?

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late,he missed getting an "A" in the class.He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words,his counterfactual thinking has turned into ____.

Researchers Lord,Lepper,and Preston (1984)conducted a study investigating ways to reduce errors in judgment.Which tactic was successful?

Miyamoto and colleagues conducted a study in which participants viewed either photos of U.S.city scenes or Japanese city scenes,then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures.The researchers found evidence that viewing Japanese city scenes

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of a(n)

Elmer was trying desperately to forget about his embarrassing experience at the bar over the weekend. According to the authors of your text,Elmer is engaging in

What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed?

Blair's co-worker,Susan,asks her,"Am I a good employee?" Blair hadn't really thought about it before,but using the availability heuristic,which of the following thought processes is she most likely to have?

____ refers to the way people select,interpret,remember,and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

The authors of your textbook point out that it is reasonable to use schemas to resolve ambiguity,but that this can become problematic when the schema is

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be ____ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of ____.

Introducing Social Psychology

Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research

Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People

The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction

Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings

Conformity: Influencing Behavior

Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups

Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships

Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help

Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People

Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Filters

Counterfactual reasoning is like controlled processing in that it is ,but it can be like automatic processing in that it may be .

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of .