Question 1

An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  6 
E)  2 or 4 
A)  0 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  6 
E)  2 or 4

Question 2

Figure 2.4
-In Figure 2.4, how many unpaired electrons does phosphorus have in its valence shell?

Accepted Answer

A)  15 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  7 
E)  5 
A)  15 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  7 
E)  5

Question 3

One liter of a solution of pH 8 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4?

Accepted Answer

A)  5 times more 
B)  32 times more 
C)  50,000 times more 
D)  10,000 times more 
E)  100,000 times more 
A)  5 times more 
B)  32 times more 
C)  50,000 times more 
D)  10,000 times more 
E)  100,000 times more

Question 4

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen bonds. 
B)  van der Waals interactions. 
C)  polar covalent bonds. 
D)  nonpolar covalent bonds. 
E)  ionic bonds. 
A)  hydrogen bonds. 
B)  van der Waals interactions. 
C)  polar covalent bonds. 
D)  nonpolar covalent bonds. 
E)  ionic bonds.

Question 5

Figure 2.8
-How many grams would be equal to 1 mol of the compound shown in Figure 2.8?
(carbon = 12, oxygen = 16, hydrogen = 1)

Accepted Answer

A)  29 
B)  30 
C)  60 
D)  150 
E)  342 
A)  29 
B)  30 
C)  60 
D)  150 
E)  342

Question 6

In what way are elements in the same row of the periodic table the same?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have the same number of protons. 
B)  They have the same number of neutrons. 
C)  They have the same number of electrons. 
D)  They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. 
E)  They have the same number of electron shells. 
A)  They have the same number of protons. 
B)  They have the same number of neutrons. 
C)  They have the same number of electrons. 
D)  They have the same number of electrons in their valence shell. 
E)  They have the same number of electron shells.

Question 7

Figure 2.3
-Which drawing in Figure 2.3 depicts an atom with a valence of 2?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 8

Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage marine corals by

Accepted Answer

A)  buffering ocean waters. 
B)  decreasing the H+ concentration in oceans. 
C)  increasing the OH- concentration in oceans. 
D)  decreasing the concentration of carbonate ions in oceans. 
E)  decreasing the calcium ion concentration in oceans. 
A)  buffering ocean waters. 
B)  decreasing the H+ concentration in oceans. 
C)  increasing the OH- concentration in oceans. 
D)  decreasing the concentration of carbonate ions in oceans. 
E)  decreasing the calcium ion concentration in oceans.

Question 9

Increased atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will have what effect on seawater?

Accepted Answer

A)  Seawater will become more acidic, and bicarbonate concentrations will decrease. 
B)  Seawater will become more alkaline, and carbonate concentrations will decrease. 
C)  There will be no change in the pH of seawater because carbonate will turn to bicarbonate. 
D)  Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease. 
E)  Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will increase. 
A)  Seawater will become more acidic, and bicarbonate concentrations will decrease. 
B)  Seawater will become more alkaline, and carbonate concentrations will decrease. 
C)  There will be no change in the pH of seawater because carbonate will turn to bicarbonate. 
D)  Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease. 
E)  Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will increase.

Question 10

One proposal to mitigate the effects of burning fossil fuels on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations is to pipe liquid CO₂ into the ocean at depths of 2,500 feet or greater. At the high pressures at such depths, CO₂ is heavier than water. What potential effects might result from implementing such a scheme?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased photosynthetic carbon fixation because of the increased dissolved carbon dioxide in the deep water 
B)  increased carbonate concentrations in the deep waters 
C)  increased growth of corals from a change in the carbonate-bicarbonate equilibrium 
D)  no effect because carbon dioxide is not soluble in water 
E)  changes in the growth of deep sea-dwelling organisms with calcium carbonate shells 
A)  increased photosynthetic carbon fixation because of the increased dissolved carbon dioxide in the deep water 
B)  increased carbonate concentrations in the deep waters 
C)  increased growth of corals from a change in the carbonate-bicarbonate equilibrium 
D)  no effect because carbon dioxide is not soluble in water 
E)  changes in the growth of deep sea-dwelling organisms with calcium carbonate shells

Question 11

A dietary Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. Which of the following statements correctly defines 1 kilocalorie?

Accepted Answer

A)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1,000°C 
B)  100 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 1°C 
C)  10,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F 
D)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C 
E)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 100°C 
A)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1,000°C 
B)  100 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 1°C 
C)  10,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F 
D)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C 
E)  1,000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by 100°C

Question 12

A solution contains 0.0000001(10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions (OH-) per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution?

Accepted Answer

A)  acidic: H+ acceptor 
B)  basic: H+ acceptor 
C)  acidic: H+ donor 
D)  basic: H+ donor 
E)  neutral 
A)  acidic: H+ acceptor 
B)  basic: H+ acceptor 
C)  acidic: H+ donor 
D)  basic: H+ donor 
E)  neutral

Question 13

You have a freshly prepared 1 M solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100-mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100-mL sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  6.02 × 1023 
B)  3.01 × 1023 
C)  6.02 × 1024 
D)  12.04 × 1023 
E)  6.02 × 1022 
A)  6.02 × 1023 
B)  3.01 × 1023 
C)  6.02 × 1024 
D)  12.04 × 1023 
E)  6.02 × 1022

Question 14

Phosphorus-32, a radioactive isotope of phosphorus-31 (atomic number 15), undergoes a form of radioactive decay whereby a neutron turns into a proton, which is retained in the nucleus, and emits radiation in the form of an electron. What is the product of such radioactive decay of phosphorus-32?

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorus-31 
B)  a positively charged phosphorus-31 ion 
C)  a negatively charged phosphorus-32 ion 
D)  sulfur-32 (atomic number 16) 
E)  the conversion of the phosphorus-32 atom into pure energy 
A)  phosphorus-31 
B)  a positively charged phosphorus-31 ion 
C)  a negatively charged phosphorus-32 ion 
D)  sulfur-32 (atomic number 16) 
E)  the conversion of the phosphorus-32 atom into pure energy

Question 15

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

Accepted Answer

A)  electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged. 
B)  protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms. 
C)  outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to occupy the outer electron shells of both atoms. 
D)  outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to fill the inner electron shell of another atom. 
E)  an electron from a full outer electron shell of one atom is shared so as to occupy the outer electron shell of both atoms. 
A)  electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged. 
B)  protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms. 
C)  outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to occupy the outer electron shells of both atoms. 
D)  outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to fill the inner electron shell of another atom. 
E)  an electron from a full outer electron shell of one atom is shared so as to occupy the outer electron shell of both atoms.

Question 16

The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If a person were to ignite one serving of the cereal in a bowl, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.2°C 
B)  1.0°C 
C)  2.0°C 
D)  10.0°C 
E)  20.0°C 
A)  0.2°C 
B)  1.0°C 
C)  2.0°C 
D)  10.0°C 
E)  20.0°C

Question 17

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Covalent bonds are formed between atoms to form molecules; ionic bonds are formed between atoms to form compounds. 
B)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms. 
C)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. 
D)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms. 
E)  Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. 
A)  Covalent bonds are formed between atoms to form molecules; ionic bonds are formed between atoms to form compounds. 
B)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms. 
C)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms. 
D)  Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms. 
E)  Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 18

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 14. 
B)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7. 
C)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 14. 
D)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 21. 
E)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 21. 
A)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 14. 
B)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 7. 
C)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 14. 
D)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 21. 
E)  The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 21.

Question 19

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

Accepted Answer

A)  a covalent bond 
B)  a hydrogen bond 
C)  an ionic bond 
D)  a hydrophilic bond 
E)  a van der Waals interaction 
A)  a covalent bond 
B)  a hydrogen bond 
C)  an ionic bond 
D)  a hydrophilic bond 
E)  a van der Waals interaction

Question 20

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.

Accepted Answer

A)  HS 
B)  HS2 
C)  H2S 
D)  H3S2 
A)  HS 
B)  HS2 
C)  H2S 
D)  H3S2

Exam 2: The Chemical Context of Life

An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have?

Figure 2.4 -In Figure 2.4, how many unpaired electrons does phosphorus have in its valence shell?

One liter of a solution of pH 8 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4?

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

Figure 2.8 -How many grams would be equal to 1 mol of the compound shown in Figure 2.8? (carbon = 12, oxygen = 16, hydrogen = 1)

In what way are elements in the same row of the periodic table the same?

Figure 2.3 -Which drawing in Figure 2.3 depicts an atom with a valence of 2?

Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage marine corals by

Increased atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will have what effect on seawater?

A dietary Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. Which of the following statements correctly defines 1 kilocalorie?

A solution contains 0.0000001(10-7) moles of hydroxyl ions (OH-) per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution?

You have a freshly prepared 1 M solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100-mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100-mL sample?

Phosphorus-32, a radioactive isotope of phosphorus-31 (atomic number 15), undergoes a form of radioactive decay whereby a neutron turns into a proton, which is retained in the nucleus, and emits radiation in the form of an electron. What is the product of such radioactive decay of phosphorus-32?

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

The nutritional information on a cereal box shows that one serving of a dry cereal has 200 kilocalories. If a person were to ignite one serving of the cereal in a bowl, the amount of heat given off would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 20 kg of water how many degrees Celsius?

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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