Question 1

Which example has the greatest increase in entropy, ΔS?

Accepted Answer

A)  freezing water 
B)  sublimation of CO2 
C)  melting ice 
D)  shattering glass 
E)  boiling gasoline 
A)  freezing water 
B)  sublimation of CO2 
C)  melting ice 
D)  shattering glass 
E)  boiling gasoline

Question 2

What role do coupled processes play in biochemical reactions?​

Accepted Answer

Many of the reactions necessary to keep

Question 3

Thermodynamics does NOT:

Accepted Answer

A)  describe the flow and interchange of heat, energy, and matter. 
B)  allow the determination of whether a reaction is spontaneous. 
C)  provide information on the rate of a reaction. 
D)  consider heat flow and entropy production. 
E)  consider the effect of concentration on net free energy change of a reaction. 
A)  describe the flow and interchange of heat, energy, and matter. 
B)  allow the determination of whether a reaction is spontaneous. 
C)  provide information on the rate of a reaction. 
D)  consider heat flow and entropy production. 
E)  consider the effect of concentration on net free energy change of a reaction.

Question 4

____ and ____ are a small family of universal biomolecules mediating the flow of energy from exergonic reactions to the energy requiring processes of life.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced coenzymes, caffeine 
B)  High-energy phosphate compounds, caffeine 
C)  Chlorophyll, caffeine 
D)  Hemoglobin, chlorophyll 
E)  Reduced coenzymes, high-energy phosphate compounds 
A)  Reduced coenzymes, caffeine 
B)  High-energy phosphate compounds, caffeine 
C)  Chlorophyll, caffeine 
D)  Hemoglobin, chlorophyll 
E)  Reduced coenzymes, high-energy phosphate compounds

Question 5

ATP can donate ____ and ____ to lower-energy molecules of metabolism.

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphates, energy 
B)  reactants, products 
C)  phosphates, water 
D)  energy, ΔG 
E)  ΔG, reactants 
A)  phosphates, energy 
B)  reactants, products 
C)  phosphates, water 
D)  energy, ΔG 
E)  ΔG, reactants

Question 6

For the reaction of ATP + H2O -> ADP +Pi + H+, the biochemical standard state conditions would include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  the concentration of ATP would be 1 M 
B)  the temperature would be 25°C 
C)  the concentration of protons would be 10-7 M 
D)  the concentration of water would be 1 M 
E)  all to the above are correct 
A)  the concentration of ATP would be 1 M 
B)  the temperature would be 25°C 
C)  the concentration of protons would be 10-7 M 
D)  the concentration of water would be 1 M 
E)  all to the above are correct

Question 7

Which equation defines a system at equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A)  ΔG > 0 
B)  ΔG° = ΔG 
C)  ΔG = 0 
D)  ΔG° = 0 
E)  ΔG = RT ln ([products]/[reactants]) 
A)  ΔG > 0 
B)  ΔG° = ΔG 
C)  ΔG = 0 
D)  ΔG° = 0 
E)  ΔG = RT ln ([products]/[reactants])

Question 8

The standard state free energy change, ΔG, is:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive when the reaction is unfavorable. 
B)  an expression of Keq. 
C)  negative when the reaction is favorable. 
D)  equal to ΔH − TΔS. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  positive when the reaction is unfavorable. 
B)  an expression of Keq. 
C)  negative when the reaction is favorable. 
D)  equal to ΔH − TΔS. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 9

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate has an Eo′ of -0.185 V while the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol has an Eo′ of -0.197 V. If these two reactions are coupled to produce a spontaneous reaction, which of the following would be the reducing agent?

Accepted Answer

A)  pyruvate 
B)  lactate 
C)  acetaldehyde 
D)  ethanol 
E)  cannot be determined from the given information 
A)  pyruvate 
B)  lactate 
C)  acetaldehyde 
D)  ethanol 
E)  cannot be determined from the given information

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true for the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Systems tend to proceed from disordered states to ordered states. 
B)  The entropy of the system plus its surroundings is unchanged by reversible processes 
C)  The entropy of the system plus its surroundings decreases for irreversible processes. 
D)  Naturally occurring processes never proceed toward equilibrium. 
E)  All of the above are true 
A)  Systems tend to proceed from disordered states to ordered states. 
B)  The entropy of the system plus its surroundings is unchanged by reversible processes 
C)  The entropy of the system plus its surroundings decreases for irreversible processes. 
D)  Naturally occurring processes never proceed toward equilibrium. 
E)  All of the above are true

Question 11

Entropy change, ΔS, is

Accepted Answer

A)  the sum of heat absorbed and work. 
B)  not a thermodynamic state function. 
C)  a measure of disorder in a system. 
D)  determined by pressure change at a constant temperature. 
E)  equal to the heat transferred at constant pressure and volume. 
A)  the sum of heat absorbed and work. 
B)  not a thermodynamic state function. 
C)  a measure of disorder in a system. 
D)  determined by pressure change at a constant temperature. 
E)  equal to the heat transferred at constant pressure and volume.

Question 12

ATP hydrolysis coupled reactions have equilibrium constants that are changed by a factor of:

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  104 
D)  106 
E)  108 
A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  104 
D)  106 
E)  108

Question 13

Thermodynamic parameters (entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and internal energy) are given for an unknown enzyme. Explain which results would be expected for the breaking of hydrogen bonds and the exposure of hydrophobic groups from the interior during the unfolding process of a protein.

Accepted Answer

A)  Entropy change, ΔS, is zero 
B)  Enthalpy change, ΔH, is positive 
C)  The reaction is spontaneous 
D)  Enthalpy change, ΔH, is negative 
E)  Entropy change, ΔS, is positive 
A)  Entropy change, ΔS, is zero 
B)  Enthalpy change, ΔH, is positive 
C)  The reaction is spontaneous 
D)  Enthalpy change, ΔH, is negative 
E)  Entropy change, ΔS, is positive

Question 14

An example of an open system would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  a chemical reaction taking place in a closed beaker. 
B)  a steam radiator. 
C)  an insulated bomb reactor. 
D)  a pot of boiling water. 
E)  contents of a calorimeter. 
A)  a chemical reaction taking place in a closed beaker. 
B)  a steam radiator. 
C)  an insulated bomb reactor. 
D)  a pot of boiling water. 
E)  contents of a calorimeter.

Question 15

The association of a protein and a fragment of DNA has a ΔG°′ of -57 kJ/mol. What is the equilibrium constant at 25 °C for the formation of this complex?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  -1 
C)  1010 
D)  10-10 
E)  cannot be determined 
A)  1 
B)  -1 
C)  1010 
D)  10-10 
E)  cannot be determined

Question 16

An interaction between two subunits of a protein was determined to have a ΔG°′ = −57.05 kJ/mol. What is the Keq for the reaction at 25°C?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.02 
B)  1.32 
C)  10−10 
D)  1010 
E)  cannot determine from given information 
A)  1.02 
B)  1.32 
C)  10−10 
D)  1010 
E)  cannot determine from given information

Question 17

All describe modified standard state for a thermodynamic parameter EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  designated with a prime ( ′ ) symbol. 
B)  H+ ion of 10-7 M. 
C)  10-6 M for solutions. 
D)  1 atm. for gases. 
E)  When the solvent is water at pH = 7. 
A)  designated with a prime ( ′ ) symbol. 
B)  H+ ion of 10-7 M. 
C)  10-6 M for solutions. 
D)  1 atm. for gases. 
E)  When the solvent is water at pH = 7.

Question 18

What information do thermodynamic parameters provide about biochemical events?​

Accepted Answer

A single parameter of a chemical reactio

Question 19

Given the following reaction, what can be said about the equilibrium concentrations of the components of the reaction? (do not assume that concentrations began at standard conditions)
Pyruvate + NADH + H+  
Lactate + NAD+
ΔG°′ = −25.2 kJ/mol

Accepted Answer

A)  [pyruvate] > [NADH] 
B)  [pyruvate] +] 
C)  [NAD+] > [NADH] 
D)  [pyruvate] > [lactate] 
E)  cannot determine 
A)  [pyruvate] > [NADH] 
B)  [pyruvate] +] 
C)  [NAD+] > [NADH] 
D)  [pyruvate] > [lactate] 
E)  cannot determine

Question 20

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate has a ΔG°′ of 8.4 kJ/mol. What can be said about the value of Keq?

Accepted Answer

A) Keq > 1 B) Keq = 1 C) Keq < 1 D) cannot be determined A) Keq > 1 B) Keq = 1 C) Keq < 1 D) cannot be determined

Exam 3: Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Which example has the greatest increase in entropy, ΔS?

What role do coupled processes play in biochemical reactions?​

Thermodynamics does NOT:

____ and ____ are a small family of universal biomolecules mediating the flow of energy from exergonic reactions to the energy requiring processes of life.

ATP can donate ____ and ____ to lower-energy molecules of metabolism.

For the reaction of ATP + H2O -> ADP +Pi + H+, the biochemical standard state conditions would include all of the following EXCEPT:

Which equation defines a system at equilibrium?

The standard state free energy change, ΔG, is:

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate has an Eo′ of -0.185 V while the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol has an Eo′ of -0.197 V. If these two reactions are coupled to produce a spontaneous reaction, which of the following would be the reducing agent?

Which of the following statements is true for the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Entropy change, ΔS, is

ATP hydrolysis coupled reactions have equilibrium constants that are changed by a factor of:

Thermodynamic parameters (entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and internal energy) are given for an unknown enzyme. Explain which results would be expected for the breaking of hydrogen bonds and the exposure of hydrophobic groups from the interior during the unfolding process of a protein.

An example of an open system would be:

The association of a protein and a fragment of DNA has a ΔG°′ of -57 kJ/mol. What is the equilibrium constant at 25 °C for the formation of this complex?

An interaction between two subunits of a protein was determined to have a ΔG°′ = −57.05 kJ/mol. What is the Keq for the reaction at 25°C?

All describe modified standard state for a thermodynamic parameter EXCEPT:

What information do thermodynamic parameters provide about biochemical events?​

Given the following reaction, what can be said about the equilibrium concentrations of the components of the reaction? (do not assume that concentrations began at standard conditions) Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Lactate + NAD+ ΔG°′ = −25.2 kJ/mol

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate has a ΔG°′ of 8.4 kJ/mol. What can be said about the value of Keq?

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Lipids

Membranes and Membrane Transport

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

Enzymeskinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Metabolism: an Overview

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Lipid Biosynthesis

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Filters

What role do coupled processes play in biochemical reactions?

and are a small family of universal biomolecules mediating the flow of energy from exergonic reactions to the energy requiring processes of life.

ATP can donate and to lower-energy molecules of metabolism.

For the reaction of ATP + H₂O -> ADP +Pi + H⁺, the biochemical standard state conditions would include all of the following EXCEPT:

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate has an E_o′ of -0.185 V while the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol has an E_o′ of -0.197 V. If these two reactions are coupled to produce a spontaneous reaction, which of the following would be the reducing agent?

An interaction between two subunits of a protein was determined to have a ΔG°′ = −57.05 kJ/mol. What is the K_eq for the reaction at 25°C?

What information do thermodynamic parameters provide about biochemical events?

Given the following reaction, what can be said about the equilibrium concentrations of the components of the reaction? (do not assume that concentrations began at standard conditions) Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺ Lactate + NAD⁺ ΔG°′ = −25.2 kJ/mol

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate has a ΔG°′ of 8.4 kJ/mol. What can be said about the value of K_eq?