Question 1

How is the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate synthesized from acetyl-CoA?​

Accepted Answer

The first reaction-the condensation of t

Question 2

All are true for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  does hemolytic cleavage of Co3+ -C bond. 
B)  vitamin B12-dependent. 
C)  classic B12-enzyme catalyzed rearrangement. 
D)  produces succinyl-CoA. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  does hemolytic cleavage of Co3+ -C bond. 
B)  vitamin B12-dependent. 
C)  classic B12-enzyme catalyzed rearrangement. 
D)  produces succinyl-CoA. 
E)  all are true.

Question 3

The first oxidation in the β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids is catalyzed by ____ and is the conversion of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. 
B)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a carbon-carbon single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond. 
C)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a secondary alcohol to a ketone. 
D)  β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. 
E)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; an aldehyde to a ketone. 
A)  β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. 
B)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a carbon-carbon single bond to a carbon-carbon double bond. 
C)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; a secondary alcohol to a ketone. 
D)  β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. 
E)  acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; an aldehyde to a ketone.

Question 4

Propionyl-CoA is a product of β-oxidation of ____ and is ultimately converted to the TCA cycle intermediate, ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  odd-chain fatty acids; citrate 
B)  even-chain fatty acids; isocitrate 
C)  odd-chain fatty acids; succinyl-CoA 
D)  even-chain fatty acids; succinate 
E)  none are true 
A)  odd-chain fatty acids; citrate 
B)  even-chain fatty acids; isocitrate 
C)  odd-chain fatty acids; succinyl-CoA 
D)  even-chain fatty acids; succinate 
E)  none are true

Question 5

Ketone bodies are transported to the tissues of utilization:

Accepted Answer

A)  complexed to serum albumin. 
B)  incorporated into VLDLs. 
C)  complexed to fatty acid binding protein. 
D)  freely dissolved in serum. 
E)  but require insulin to enter target tissues. 
A)  complexed to serum albumin. 
B)  incorporated into VLDLs. 
C)  complexed to fatty acid binding protein. 
D)  freely dissolved in serum. 
E)  but require insulin to enter target tissues.

Question 6

What are the β-oxidation products of oleic acid (18:1Δ9) and how many ATP equivalents are required for activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  8 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalent 
B)  9 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents 
C)  8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalent 
D)  8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents 
E)  9 acetyl CoA, 9 NADH, 8 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents 
A)  8 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalent 
B)  9 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents 
C)  8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalent 
D)  8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents 
E)  9 acetyl CoA, 9 NADH, 8 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents

Question 7

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the duodenum by the enzyme ____ that produces ____ and ____ for absorption.

Accepted Answer

A)  acid lipase; diacylglycerols; fatty acids 
B)  triacylglycerol lipase; fatty acids; glycerol 
C)  triacylglycerol lipase; fatty acids; glycerol. 
D)  pancreatic lipase; monoacylglycerols; fatty acids 
E)  pancreatic lipase; glycerol; fatty acids 
A)  acid lipase; diacylglycerols; fatty acids 
B)  triacylglycerol lipase; fatty acids; glycerol 
C)  triacylglycerol lipase; fatty acids; glycerol. 
D)  pancreatic lipase; monoacylglycerols; fatty acids 
E)  pancreatic lipase; glycerol; fatty acids

Question 8

Describe the final step in the β-oxidation cycle.​

Accepted Answer

The final step in the β-oxidation cycle

Question 9

The brain normally uses ____ as its source of metabolic energy, but during starvation ____ may be the major source of energy.

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose; ketone bodies 
B)  ketone bodies; fatty acids 
C)  fatty acids; amino acids 
D)  amino acids; glucose 
E)  all are true 
A)  glucose; ketone bodies 
B)  ketone bodies; fatty acids 
C)  fatty acids; amino acids 
D)  amino acids; glucose 
E)  all are true

Question 10

The sequence for activation of the release of fatty acids from adipose cells is:
A.protein kinase activation
B.cAMP production
C.triacylglycerol lipase activation
D.hormone binding receptor
E.adenylyl cyclase activation
F.Diacylglycerol lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase activity

Accepted Answer

A)  D, E, B, A, C, F 
B)  D, B, A, E, F, C 
C)  D, B, C, F, A, E 
D)  D, B, F, A, C, E 
E)  B, F, A, D, E, C 
A)  D, E, B, A, C, F 
B)  D, B, A, E, F, C 
C)  D, B, C, F, A, E 
D)  D, B, F, A, C, E 
E)  B, F, A, D, E, C

Question 11

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events for the conversion of a fatty acid to CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  carnitine shuttle, activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, TCA cycle 
B)  activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, carnitine shuttle, TCA cycle 
C)  activation to acyl CoA, carnitine shuttle, β-oxidation, TCA cycle 
D)  TCA cycle, activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, carnitine shuttle 
E)  TCA cycle, activation to acyl CoA, carnitine shuttle, β-oxidation 
A)  carnitine shuttle, activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, TCA cycle 
B)  activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, carnitine shuttle, TCA cycle 
C)  activation to acyl CoA, carnitine shuttle, β-oxidation, TCA cycle 
D)  TCA cycle, activation to acyl CoA, β-oxidation, carnitine shuttle 
E)  TCA cycle, activation to acyl CoA, carnitine shuttle, β-oxidation

Question 12

L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase is analogous in catalytic activity to what enzyme of the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  aconitase 
B)  citrate synthase 
C)  isocitrate dehydrogenase 
D)  α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 
E)  malate dehydrogenase 
A)  aconitase 
B)  citrate synthase 
C)  isocitrate dehydrogenase 
D)  α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 
E)  malate dehydrogenase

Question 13

Which of the following is required by thr 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase enzyeme during the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH 
B)  NADPH 
C)  FADH2 
D)  coenzyme Q (QH2) 
E)  none of the above 
A)  NADH 
B)  NADPH 
C)  FADH2 
D)  coenzyme Q (QH2) 
E)  none of the above

Question 14

Where in the cell are fatty acids condensed with coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA for β-oxidation?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  cytoplasm 
C)  outer mitochondrial membrane 
D)  inner mitochondrial membrane 
E)  none of the above 
A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  cytoplasm 
C)  outer mitochondrial membrane 
D)  inner mitochondrial membrane 
E)  none of the above

Question 15

____ carries long-chain fatty acyl groups across the ____ membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)  Biotin; intestinal 
B)  Carnitine; plasma 
C)  CoA-SH; plasma 
D)  Carnitine; inner mitochondrial 
E)  TPP; outer mitochondrial 
A)  Biotin; intestinal 
B)  Carnitine; plasma 
C)  CoA-SH; plasma 
D)  Carnitine; inner mitochondrial 
E)  TPP; outer mitochondrial

Question 16

During β-oxidation of certain unsaturated fatty acids, cis-Δ3-fatty acyl-CoAs are formed that must be converted to ____-fatty acyl-CoAs by the enzyme ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  cis-Δ2; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
B)  trans-Δ2; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
C)  trans-Δ2; enoyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
D)  trans-Δ3; enoyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
E)  trans-Δ2; acyl-CoA isomerase 
A)  cis-Δ2; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
B)  trans-Δ2; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
C)  trans-Δ2; enoyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
D)  trans-Δ3; enoyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
E)  trans-Δ2; acyl-CoA isomerase

Question 17

Discuss the functions of the three enzymes involved in the β-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids.​

Accepted Answer

​Propionyl-CoA carboxylase-a biotindepen

Question 18

Discuss the significance of the enzyme enoyl-CoA isomerase in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.​

Accepted Answer

The function of enoyl-CoA isomerase can

Question 19

The correct sequence for transport of fatty acyl groups from the cytosol to the matrix is:
A.carnitine acyltransferase I
B.tranaslocase of carnitine and O-acylcarnitine
C.carnitine acyltransferase II
D.fatty acyl-CoA synthesis
E.O-acylcarnitine
F.Fatty acyl-CoA in matrix

Accepted Answer

A)  C, B, D, A, F, E 
B)  D, B, F, E, A, C 
C)  D, E, A, C, B, F 
D)  D, A, E, B, C, F 
E)  A, D, E, B, C, F 
A)  C, B, D, A, F, E 
B)  D, B, F, E, A, C 
C)  D, E, A, C, B, F 
D)  D, A, E, B, C, F 
E)  A, D, E, B, C, F

Question 20

The primary storage form of lipid is ____ and it is normally stored in the ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  phospholipid; liver 
B)  cholesterol; muscles 
C)  monoacylglycerol; adipocytes 
D)  triacylglycerols; adipocytes 
E)  triacylglycerols; liver 
A)  phospholipid; liver 
B)  cholesterol; muscles 
C)  monoacylglycerol; adipocytes 
D)  triacylglycerols; adipocytes 
E)  triacylglycerols; liver

Exam 23: Fatty Acid Catabolism

How is the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate synthesized from acetyl-CoA?​

All are true for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase EXCEPT:

The first oxidation in the β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids is catalyzed by ____ and is the conversion of ____.

Propionyl-CoA is a product of β-oxidation of ____ and is ultimately converted to the TCA cycle intermediate, ____.

Ketone bodies are transported to the tissues of utilization:

What are the β-oxidation products of oleic acid (18:1Δ9) and how many ATP equivalents are required for activation?

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the duodenum by the enzyme ____ that produces ____ and ____ for absorption.

Describe the final step in the β-oxidation cycle.​

The brain normally uses ____ as its source of metabolic energy, but during starvation ____ may be the major source of energy.

The sequence for activation of the release of fatty acids from adipose cells is: A.protein kinase activation B.cAMP production C.triacylglycerol lipase activation D.hormone binding receptor E.adenylyl cyclase activation F.Diacylglycerol lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase activity

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events for the conversion of a fatty acid to CO2?

L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase is analogous in catalytic activity to what enzyme of the citric acid cycle?

Which of the following is required by thr 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase enzyeme during the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Where in the cell are fatty acids condensed with coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA for β-oxidation?

____ carries long-chain fatty acyl groups across the ____ membrane.

During β-oxidation of certain unsaturated fatty acids, cis-Δ3-fatty acyl-CoAs are formed that must be converted to ____-fatty acyl-CoAs by the enzyme ____.

Discuss the functions of the three enzymes involved in the β-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids.​

Discuss the significance of the enzyme enoyl-CoA isomerase in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.​

The correct sequence for transport of fatty acyl groups from the cytosol to the matrix is: A.carnitine acyltransferase I B.tranaslocase of carnitine and O-acylcarnitine C.carnitine acyltransferase II D.fatty acyl-CoA synthesis E.O-acylcarnitine F.Fatty acyl-CoA in matrix

The primary storage form of lipid is ____ and it is normally stored in the ____.

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Lipids

Membranes and Membrane Transport

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

Enzymeskinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Metabolism: an Overview

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Lipid Biosynthesis

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Filters

How is the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate synthesized from acetyl-CoA?

The first oxidation in the β-oxidation of saturated fatty acids is catalyzed by and is the conversion of .

Propionyl-CoA is a product of β-oxidation of and is ultimately converted to the TCA cycle intermediate, .

What are the β-oxidation products of oleic acid (18:1Δ⁹) and how many ATP equivalents are required for activation?

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the duodenum by the enzyme that produces and for absorption.

Describe the final step in the β-oxidation cycle.

The brain normally uses as its source of metabolic energy, but during starvation may be the major source of energy.

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events for the conversion of a fatty acid to CO₂?

carries long-chain fatty acyl groups across the membrane.

During β-oxidation of certain unsaturated fatty acids, cis-Δ³-fatty acyl-CoAs are formed that must be converted to -fatty acyl-CoAs by the enzyme .

Discuss the functions of the three enzymes involved in the β-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids.

Discuss the significance of the enzyme enoyl-CoA isomerase in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

The primary storage form of lipid is and it is normally stored in the .