Question 1

Which of the following is a common measure of variability of a data set?

Accepted Answer

A)  mean 
B)  median 
C)  average 
D)  standard deviation 
A)  mean 
B)  median 
C)  average 
D)  standard deviation

Question 2

__________ comparisons compare one group to itself in another setting; __________ comparisons compare two groups in the same setting.

Accepted Answer

A)  between-subject; within-subject 
B)  within-subject; between-subject 
C)  inter-subject; intra-subject 
D)  intra-subject; inter-subject 
A)  between-subject; within-subject 
B)  within-subject; between-subject 
C)  inter-subject; intra-subject 
D)  intra-subject; inter-subject

Question 3

How can science help individuals in other areas of their lives?

Accepted Answer

A)  It tells you what to believe. 
B)  The logic of science can also help individuals draw more sensible conclusions in their everyday lives. 
C)  It can help people learn how to conduct experiments to test variables in their everyday lives. 
D)  The conclusions in science provide all the necessary information for making conclusions regarding nonscience information. 
A)  It tells you what to believe. 
B)  The logic of science can also help individuals draw more sensible conclusions in their everyday lives. 
C)  It can help people learn how to conduct experiments to test variables in their everyday lives. 
D)  The conclusions in science provide all the necessary information for making conclusions regarding nonscience information.

Question 4

Internal validity refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the independent variable manipulation produced the changes in the dependent variable 
B)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the dependent variable manipulation produced the changes in the independent variable 
C)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the dependent variable(s) reflect real-world variables 
D)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the independent variable(s) reflect real-world variables 
A)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the independent variable manipulation produced the changes in the dependent variable 
B)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the dependent variable manipulation produced the changes in the independent variable 
C)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the dependent variable(s) reflect real-world variables 
D)  having the properties that allow the conclusion that the independent variable(s) reflect real-world variables

Question 5

A researcher gives the test once, lets some time pass, and then gives the same measure again. This procedure is called the __________ and attempts to measure the __________ of the measure.

Accepted Answer

A)  test-retest; reliability 
B)  repeat testing; variability 
C)  inter-time interval procedure; inter-rating reliability 
D)  variability technique; reliability 
A)  test-retest; reliability 
B)  repeat testing; variability 
C)  inter-time interval procedure; inter-rating reliability 
D)  variability technique; reliability

Question 6

Let's say you want to assess the effect of subliminal suggestions on ratings of attractiveness. You ask 20 students to listen to subliminal tapes and then have them rate the attractiveness of 20 peers. You discover that all the peers were rated as highly attractive, with a mean of 8 out of a possible 10. Why is the above experimental design inadequate?

Accepted Answer

A)  It lacks demand characteristics. 
B)  It lacks an independent variable. 
C)  It lacks a dependent variable. 
D)  It lacks a control group. 
A)  It lacks demand characteristics. 
B)  It lacks an independent variable. 
C)  It lacks a dependent variable. 
D)  It lacks a control group.

Question 7

Which of the following are required in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  an independent variable 
B)  a dependent variable 
C)  an experimental manipulation. 
D)  all of the above are required 
A)  an independent variable 
B)  a dependent variable 
C)  an experimental manipulation. 
D)  all of the above are required

Question 8

You are conducting a correlational analysis on your data. You find a correlational coefficient of +1.73. You immediately know that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the results must be highly significant 
B)  the effect was highly effective 
C)  there was a statistically significant difference in your group 
D)  you must have made an error in your calculations 
A)  the results must be highly significant 
B)  the effect was highly effective 
C)  there was a statistically significant difference in your group 
D)  you must have made an error in your calculations

Question 9

Research confirming a particular hypothesis leads to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acceptance of the results of the study as fact 
B)  the sharing of the findings with other researchers to allow for discussion and replication 
C)  discontinuation of all study related to that hypothesis 
D)  both a and c 
A)  acceptance of the results of the study as fact 
B)  the sharing of the findings with other researchers to allow for discussion and replication 
C)  discontinuation of all study related to that hypothesis 
D)  both a and c

Question 10

How does a psychologist decide what, where, or who to observe?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are guided by the questions they hope to address during their observations. 
B)  They are guided by whether their questions are testable. 
C)  They are guided by whether their questions use introspection. 
D)  Both a and b. 
A)  They are guided by the questions they hope to address during their observations. 
B)  They are guided by whether their questions are testable. 
C)  They are guided by whether their questions use introspection. 
D)  Both a and b.

Question 11

A percentage of correct answers on some test, or the number of seconds needed to complete a particular task, can be assessed directly, and therefore are both good examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent variables 
B)  independent variables 
C)  demand characteristics 
D)  confounds 
A)  dependent variables 
B)  independent variables 
C)  demand characteristics 
D)  confounds

Question 12

Construct validity refers to a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operational definition that is true 
B)  definition that truly reflects the variable named in the hypothesis 
C)  theory that truly describes how a behavior pattern is constructed 
D)  defining a behavior to make it into a variable 
A)  operational definition that is true 
B)  definition that truly reflects the variable named in the hypothesis 
C)  theory that truly describes how a behavior pattern is constructed 
D)  defining a behavior to make it into a variable

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of a statistically significant result?

Accepted Answer

A)  It must have a p-value less than 0.05. 
B)  The probability of getting the data pattern is not likely to be due purely to accident. 
C)  It tells us the results are not likely to be due to chance. 
D)  It proves that the experimental manipulation was correct. 
A)  It must have a p-value less than 0.05. 
B)  The probability of getting the data pattern is not likely to be due purely to accident. 
C)  It tells us the results are not likely to be due to chance. 
D)  It proves that the experimental manipulation was correct.

Question 14

In a scientific experiment, the variable that is measured by the experimenter to determine whether it has changed is called the __________, while the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent variable; independent variable 
B)  independent variable; dependent variable 
C)  experimental group; independent variable 
D)  Dependent variable; operational definition 
A)  dependent variable; independent variable 
B)  independent variable; dependent variable 
C)  experimental group; independent variable 
D)  Dependent variable; operational definition

Question 15

Which of the following include major questions to be answered when conducting observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  who to observe 
B)  where to observe 
C)  what to observe 
D)  all of the above 
A)  who to observe 
B)  where to observe 
C)  what to observe 
D)  all of the above

Question 16

What might be a consequence for researchers who do not follow the U.S. government and APA regulations governing research with human and animal participants?

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of current and future funding from federal and state grant agencies 
B)  acceptance of the resulting manuscript in a minor, but not a major, research journal 
C)  requirement to pay for the research from his or her own pocket 
D)  all of the above 
A)  loss of current and future funding from federal and state grant agencies 
B)  acceptance of the resulting manuscript in a minor, but not a major, research journal 
C)  requirement to pay for the research from his or her own pocket 
D)  all of the above

Question 17

Descriptive statistics refer to procedures for __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  examining data that give measures of how confident the researchers can be in drawing conclusions based on the sample 
B)  examining data that only summarize the data but do not draw conclusions 
C)  examining data that give measures of how confident the researchers can be proving their hypothesis 
D)  determining whether there was confirmation bias in the study 
A)  examining data that give measures of how confident the researchers can be in drawing conclusions based on the sample 
B)  examining data that only summarize the data but do not draw conclusions 
C)  examining data that give measures of how confident the researchers can be proving their hypothesis 
D)  determining whether there was confirmation bias in the study

Question 18

Which of the following can be a significant problem for correlational studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is nearly impossible to find an effect in most studies. 
B)  It can be hard to tell which factor is causing the other. 
C)  Demand characteristics can be a significant problem. 
D)  Placebo effects can be a significant problem. 
A)  It is nearly impossible to find an effect in most studies. 
B)  It can be hard to tell which factor is causing the other. 
C)  Demand characteristics can be a significant problem. 
D)  Placebo effects can be a significant problem.

Question 19

The rate of water skiing and barbequing are highly correlated. However, it is likely that the increased temperature of summertime is the causal variable. This is a good example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a causal relationship 
B)  the third-variable problem 
C)  bias 
D)  the confounding variable situation 
A)  a causal relationship 
B)  the third-variable problem 
C)  bias 
D)  the confounding variable situation

Question 20

In a correlational study of level of education and level of depression, the investigators are trying to observe the relationship between these two variables. This type of study would differ from experimental studies in several important respects. For instance, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  in correlational studies, it is difficult to determine what is causing what 
B)  correlational studies can suffer from what is called the third-variable problem 
C)  random assignment is not an option in correlational studies 
D)  all of the above are correct 
A)  in correlational studies, it is difficult to determine what is causing what 
B)  correlational studies can suffer from what is called the third-variable problem 
C)  random assignment is not an option in correlational studies 
D)  all of the above are correct

Which of the following is a common measure of variability of a data set?

comparisons compare one group to itself in another setting; comparisons compare two groups in the same setting.

How can science help individuals in other areas of their lives?

Internal validity refers to __________.

A researcher gives the test once, lets some time pass, and then gives the same measure again. This procedure is called the and attempts to measure the of the measure.

Which of the following are required in an experiment?

You are conducting a correlational analysis on your data. You find a correlational coefficient of +1.73. You immediately know that __________.

Research confirming a particular hypothesis leads to __________.

How does a psychologist decide what, where, or who to observe?

A percentage of correct answers on some test, or the number of seconds needed to complete a particular task, can be assessed directly, and therefore are both good examples of __________.

Construct validity refers to a(n) __________.

Which of the following is NOT true of a statistically significant result?

In a scientific experiment, the variable that is measured by the experimenter to determine whether it has changed is called the , while the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the .

Which of the following include major questions to be answered when conducting observation?

What might be a consequence for researchers who do not follow the U.S. government and APA regulations governing research with human and animal participants?

Descriptive statistics refer to procedures for __________.

Which of the following can be a significant problem for correlational studies?

The rate of water skiing and barbequing are highly correlated. However, it is likely that the increased temperature of summertime is the causal variable. This is a good example of __________.

In a correlational study of level of education and level of depression, the investigators are trying to observe the relationship between these two variables. This type of study would differ from experimental studies in several important respects. For instance, __________.

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

Exam 1: Research Methods

Which of the following is a common measure of variability of a data set?

__________ comparisons compare one group to itself in another setting; __________ comparisons compare two groups in the same setting.

How can science help individuals in other areas of their lives?

Internal validity refers to __________.

A researcher gives the test once, lets some time pass, and then gives the same measure again. This procedure is called the __________ and attempts to measure the __________ of the measure.

Which of the following are required in an experiment?

You are conducting a correlational analysis on your data. You find a correlational coefficient of +1.73. You immediately know that __________.

Research confirming a particular hypothesis leads to __________.

How does a psychologist decide what, where, or who to observe?

A percentage of correct answers on some test, or the number of seconds needed to complete a particular task, can be assessed directly, and therefore are both good examples of __________.

Construct validity refers to a(n) __________.

Which of the following is NOT true of a statistically significant result?

In a scientific experiment, the variable that is measured by the experimenter to determine whether it has changed is called the __________, while the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the __________.

Which of the following include major questions to be answered when conducting observation?

What might be a consequence for researchers who do not follow the U.S. government and APA regulations governing research with human and animal participants?

Descriptive statistics refer to procedures for __________.

Which of the following can be a significant problem for correlational studies?

The rate of water skiing and barbequing are highly correlated. However, it is likely that the increased temperature of summertime is the causal variable. This is a good example of __________.

In a correlational study of level of education and level of depression, the investigators are trying to observe the relationship between these two variables. This type of study would differ from experimental studies in several important respects. For instance, __________.

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

comparisons compare one group to itself in another setting; comparisons compare two groups in the same setting.

A researcher gives the test once, lets some time pass, and then gives the same measure again. This procedure is called the and attempts to measure the of the measure.

In a scientific experiment, the variable that is measured by the experimenter to determine whether it has changed is called the , while the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the .