Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding satisficing is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reduces the number of options a decision maker considers. 
B)  It generally results in decisions one can defend. 
C)  It results in optimal decisions. 
D)  It circumvents limitations in our ability to consider multiple options. 
A)  It reduces the number of options a decision maker considers. 
B)  It generally results in decisions one can defend. 
C)  It results in optimal decisions. 
D)  It circumvents limitations in our ability to consider multiple options. D

Question 2

If the government decides to report unemployment statistics in terms of the number of people working instead of the number of people out of work, the public may react more positively due to the effect of __________ on judgments.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set 
B)  availability and representativeness 
C)  framing 
D)  a confirmation bias 
A)  mental set 
B)  availability and representativeness 
C)  framing 
D)  a confirmation bias C

Question 3

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between subproblems and subroutines?

Accepted Answer

A)  Well-defined problems contain subproblems, whereas ill-defined problems contain subroutines. 
B)  Subproblems and subroutines are the same thing-the terms are synonymous. 
C)  Suproblems contain subroutines. 
D)  Subroutines contain subproblems. 
A)  Well-defined problems contain subproblems, whereas ill-defined problems contain subroutines. 
B)  Subproblems and subroutines are the same thing-the terms are synonymous. 
C)  Suproblems contain subroutines. 
D)  Subroutines contain subproblems. C

Question 4

A road sign showing the silhouette of a jumping deer is an example of a(n) __________ representation.

Accepted Answer

A)  symbolic 
B)  analogical 
C)  hypothetical 
D)  psychological 
A)  symbolic 
B)  analogical 
C)  hypothetical 
D)  psychological

Question 5

Syllogisms are used to study __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  framing effects 
B)  heuristics 
C)  frequency judgments 
D)  reasoning 
A)  framing effects 
B)  heuristics 
C)  frequency judgments 
D)  reasoning

Question 6

Which of the following conditions increases the likelihood of System II thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  The elements of the problem are readily quantifiable. 
B)  There is considerable time pressure. 
C)  The judgment or problem in question is highly important. 
D)  The judgment or problem involves probabilities. 
A)  The elements of the problem are readily quantifiable. 
B)  There is considerable time pressure. 
C)  The judgment or problem in question is highly important. 
D)  The judgment or problem involves probabilities.

Question 7

Dr. Quinlan submitted a grant to fund an educational program aimed at improving judgment and reasoning performance among young adults. All else being equal, is the grant likely to be accepted or rejected, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Accepted; educational programs have been successful in improving performance in both judgment and reasoning tasks. 
B)  Accepted; educational programs have been successful in reducing people's reliance on error-prone System II thinking strategies. 
C)  Rejected; educational programs only seem to improve performance in a small subset of reasoning problems. 
D)  Rejected; educational programs have no effect on performance in either judgment or reasoning. 
A)  Accepted; educational programs have been successful in improving performance in both judgment and reasoning tasks. 
B)  Accepted; educational programs have been successful in reducing people's reliance on error-prone System II thinking strategies. 
C)  Rejected; educational programs only seem to improve performance in a small subset of reasoning problems. 
D)  Rejected; educational programs have no effect on performance in either judgment or reasoning.

Question 8

From the time he or she begins college, it takes the average candidate approximately 10 years to earn a Ph.D., a degree denoting expert knowledge in a specific area. How well does this accord with research on the development of expertise?

Accepted Answer

A)  Not well-research shows it takes nearly 20 years to become an expert in a given domain. 
B)  Not well-5 years is generally sufficient to become an expert in a given field. 
C)  Not well-the notion of expertise is hopelessly subjective. One cannot say how long it takes to become an expert. 
D)  Quite well-10 years seems to be about how long it takes to become an expert in a given field. 
A)  Not well-research shows it takes nearly 20 years to become an expert in a given domain. 
B)  Not well-5 years is generally sufficient to become an expert in a given field. 
C)  Not well-the notion of expertise is hopelessly subjective. One cannot say how long it takes to become an expert. 
D)  Quite well-10 years seems to be about how long it takes to become an expert in a given field.

Question 9

According to your text, the utility theory of decision making is endorsed mainly by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  economists 
B)  psychologists 
C)  mathematicians 
D)  political scientists 
A)  economists 
B)  psychologists 
C)  mathematicians 
D)  political scientists

Question 10

A judgment strategy in which one uses the ease with which examples come to mind as the basis for judging how common events really are is called the __________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

A)  availability 
B)  representativeness 
C)  confirmation 
D)  frequency 
A)  availability 
B)  representativeness 
C)  confirmation 
D)  frequency

Question 11

What unconscious process is said to occur after a person stops thinking about a problem and turns to another activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  incubation 
B)  mental set 
C)  directed thinking 
D)  conditional reasoning 
A)  incubation 
B)  mental set 
C)  directed thinking 
D)  conditional reasoning

Question 12

Research on framing indicates that people are most likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid losses 
B)  increase gains 
C)  carefully weigh the losses against the gains 
D)  make irrational choices when on a winning streak 
A)  avoid losses 
B)  increase gains 
C)  carefully weigh the losses against the gains 
D)  make irrational choices when on a winning streak

Question 13

The idea of confirmation bias would suggest that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  if one were a Republican, one would not seek out negative information about a Republican president 
B)  much of our thinking is consciously driven 
C)  we think in ways that are stereotypical 
D)  we focus on the evidence that comes to mind most readily 
A)  if one were a Republican, one would not seek out negative information about a Republican president 
B)  much of our thinking is consciously driven 
C)  we think in ways that are stereotypical 
D)  we focus on the evidence that comes to mind most readily

Question 14

Dr. Estevez knows of one highly effective, reasonably priced medication for Mrs. Finlay's condition. Dr. Girardi knows of two highly effective, reasonably priced medications for the same condition. From which physician is Mrs. Finlay most likely to receive an immediate prescription, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dr. Estevez. She will find it easier to justify her prescription decision than will Dr. Girardi. 
B)  Dr. Girardi. Utility theory suggests that a good decision requires at least two options. 
C)  Dr. Estevez. Having only one option reduces the decision's demands on memory and attention. 
D)  Dr. Girardi. Dr. Estevez would rather have more options before making a prescription decision. 
A)  Dr. Estevez. She will find it easier to justify her prescription decision than will Dr. Girardi. 
B)  Dr. Girardi. Utility theory suggests that a good decision requires at least two options. 
C)  Dr. Estevez. Having only one option reduces the decision's demands on memory and attention. 
D)  Dr. Girardi. Dr. Estevez would rather have more options before making a prescription decision.

Question 15

By the dual-process theory of judgment, the availability and representativeness heuristics both reflect __________ thinking.

Accepted Answer

A)  Type A 
B)  Type B 
C)  System I 
D)  System II 
A)  Type A 
B)  Type B 
C)  System I 
D)  System II

Question 16

Dr. Bernstein conducts a replication of the classic water jar study described in your text. Participants complete a series of 'practice' water jar problems that can be solved by the formula B-A-2C. They then complete two critical problems: one that may be solved either by B-A-2C or a much simpler formula, and then one that cannot be solved by B-A-2C. Half the participants attempt the critical problems immediately after the practice problems. The remaining participants attempt the critical problems the day after they complete the practice problems. Dr. Bernstein is most likely interested in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the development of problem-solving expertise 
B)  the potential for incubation to develop a powerful mental set 
C)  participants' use of means-end analysis 
D)  the potential of incubation to release participants from a mental set 
A)  the development of problem-solving expertise 
B)  the potential for incubation to develop a powerful mental set 
C)  participants' use of means-end analysis 
D)  the potential of incubation to release participants from a mental set

Question 17

A statement relating a subject and a predicate is called a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  attitude 
B)  category 
C)  concept 
D)  proposition 
A)  attitude 
B)  category 
C)  concept 
D)  proposition

Question 18

What does it mean to say that a confirmation bias is a frequent error in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  One tests more examples than are necessary to confirm the hypothesis. 
B)  One looks for evidence against the hypothesis, rather than considering all evidence equally. 
C)  One assumes that any hypothesis that sounds reasonable with respect to prior knowledge is true. 
D)  One pays more attention to evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis than to contradictory evidence. 
A)  One tests more examples than are necessary to confirm the hypothesis. 
B)  One looks for evidence against the hypothesis, rather than considering all evidence equally. 
C)  One assumes that any hypothesis that sounds reasonable with respect to prior knowledge is true. 
D)  One pays more attention to evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis than to contradictory evidence.

Question 19

Seeking a satisfactory rather than an ideal choice in decision making is termed __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  optimizing 
B)  minimizing 
C)  maximizing 
D)  satisficing 
A)  optimizing 
B)  minimizing 
C)  maximizing 
D)  satisficing

Question 20

What does research on reasoning indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research participants are generally quite good at judging the validity of syllogisms. 
B)  Research participants frequently assess a syllogism's conclusion based on its plausibility. 
C)  Research participants usually evaluate a syllogism by determining whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises. 
D)  Participants fail to use System I thinking when reasoning. 
A)  Research participants are generally quite good at judging the validity of syllogisms. 
B)  Research participants frequently assess a syllogism's conclusion based on its plausibility. 
C)  Research participants usually evaluate a syllogism by determining whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises. 
D)  Participants fail to use System I thinking when reasoning.

Which of the following statements regarding satisficing is FALSE?

If the government decides to report unemployment statistics in terms of the number of people working instead of the number of people out of work, the public may react more positively due to the effect of __________ on judgments.

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between subproblems and subroutines?

A road sign showing the silhouette of a jumping deer is an example of a(n) __________ representation.

Syllogisms are used to study __________.

Which of the following conditions increases the likelihood of System II thinking?

Dr. Quinlan submitted a grant to fund an educational program aimed at improving judgment and reasoning performance among young adults. All else being equal, is the grant likely to be accepted or rejected, and why?

From the time he or she begins college, it takes the average candidate approximately 10 years to earn a Ph.D., a degree denoting expert knowledge in a specific area. How well does this accord with research on the development of expertise?

According to your text, the utility theory of decision making is endorsed mainly by __________.

A judgment strategy in which one uses the ease with which examples come to mind as the basis for judging how common events really are is called the __________ heuristic.

What unconscious process is said to occur after a person stops thinking about a problem and turns to another activity?

Research on framing indicates that people are most likely to __________.

The idea of confirmation bias would suggest that __________.

Dr. Estevez knows of one highly effective, reasonably priced medication for Mrs. Finlay's condition. Dr. Girardi knows of two highly effective, reasonably priced medications for the same condition. From which physician is Mrs. Finlay most likely to receive an immediate prescription, and why?

By the dual-process theory of judgment, the availability and representativeness heuristics both reflect __________ thinking.

A statement relating a subject and a predicate is called a(n) __________.

What does it mean to say that a confirmation bias is a frequent error in hypothesis testing?

Seeking a satisfactory rather than an ideal choice in decision making is termed __________.

What does research on reasoning indicate?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

Exam 9: Thinking

Which of the following statements regarding satisficing is FALSE?

If the government decides to report unemployment statistics in terms of the number of people working instead of the number of people out of work, the public may react more positively due to the effect of __________ on judgments.

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between subproblems and subroutines?

A road sign showing the silhouette of a jumping deer is an example of a(n) __________ representation.

Syllogisms are used to study __________.

Which of the following conditions increases the likelihood of System II thinking?

Dr. Quinlan submitted a grant to fund an educational program aimed at improving judgment and reasoning performance among young adults. All else being equal, is the grant likely to be accepted or rejected, and why?

From the time he or she begins college, it takes the average candidate approximately 10 years to earn a Ph.D., a degree denoting expert knowledge in a specific area. How well does this accord with research on the development of expertise?

According to your text, the utility theory of decision making is endorsed mainly by __________.

A judgment strategy in which one uses the ease with which examples come to mind as the basis for judging how common events really are is called the __________ heuristic.

What unconscious process is said to occur after a person stops thinking about a problem and turns to another activity?

Research on framing indicates that people are most likely to __________.

The idea of confirmation bias would suggest that __________.

Dr. Estevez knows of one highly effective, reasonably priced medication for Mrs. Finlay's condition. Dr. Girardi knows of two highly effective, reasonably priced medications for the same condition. From which physician is Mrs. Finlay most likely to receive an immediate prescription, and why?

By the dual-process theory of judgment, the availability and representativeness heuristics both reflect __________ thinking.

A statement relating a subject and a predicate is called a(n) __________.

What does it mean to say that a confirmation bias is a frequent error in hypothesis testing?

Seeking a satisfactory rather than an ideal choice in decision making is termed __________.

What does research on reasoning indicate?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters