Question 1

Expert chess players think about chess positions differently than do players of lesser rank. Findings confirming this different way of thinking include the following:

Accepted Answer

A)  Experts remember positions better than do novices. 
B)  Experts think about positions with their frontal lobes, novices with their limbic system. 
C)  Experts show better visual memory for positions than do novices. 
D)  Experts are better conceptualizers, not better in their memory for patterns as such. 
A)  Experts remember positions better than do novices. 
B)  Experts think about positions with their frontal lobes, novices with their limbic system. 
C)  Experts show better visual memory for positions than do novices. 
D)  Experts are better conceptualizers, not better in their memory for patterns as such.

Question 2

Propositions __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  can't be said to be either true or false 
B)  relate a subject and a predicate 
C)  are analogical representations 
D)  are combinations of concepts by association 
A)  can't be said to be either true or false 
B)  relate a subject and a predicate 
C)  are analogical representations 
D)  are combinations of concepts by association

Question 3

Which of the following statements best expresses your text's conclusion regarding the potential to improve human thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is virtually impossible to improve human thinking. 
B)  There is no need to improve human thinking. People perform surprisingly well on tasks in all four domains of thinking. 
C)  In many situations, improving human thinking may actually be fairly easy. 
D)  It is very difficult to improve human thinking, as people lack basic thinking skills. 
A)  It is virtually impossible to improve human thinking. 
B)  There is no need to improve human thinking. People perform surprisingly well on tasks in all four domains of thinking. 
C)  In many situations, improving human thinking may actually be fairly easy. 
D)  It is very difficult to improve human thinking, as people lack basic thinking skills.

Question 4

Propositions are __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  statements that relate a subject and a predicate 
B)  another word for concepts 
C)  categories 
D)  statements that are always true 
A)  statements that relate a subject and a predicate 
B)  another word for concepts 
C)  categories 
D)  statements that are always true

Question 5

Why are the authors of your text ultimately reluctant to accept the unflattering view of human reasoning offered by research studies of, say, the confirmation bias and syllogistic reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)  People actually perform fairly well on most of the reasoning tasks psychologists have studied in the laboratory. 
B)  People would be unable to manage the world's demands as well as they do if they were as poor at reasoning as some research suggests. 
C)  People's performance varies dramatically depending on the content of the reasoning task. 
D)  People are heavily influenced by the plausibility of arguments, and by their consistency with the beliefs they already hold. 
A)  People actually perform fairly well on most of the reasoning tasks psychologists have studied in the laboratory. 
B)  People would be unable to manage the world's demands as well as they do if they were as poor at reasoning as some research suggests. 
C)  People's performance varies dramatically depending on the content of the reasoning task. 
D)  People are heavily influenced by the plausibility of arguments, and by their consistency with the beliefs they already hold.

Question 6

A plumber is unable to repair a pump because he can only imagine the conventional use for his tools. Which of the following does the plumber's problem best exemplify?

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-defined problem 
B)  heuristic problem solving 
C)  a form of mental set 
D)  representational thinking 
A)  a well-defined problem 
B)  heuristic problem solving 
C)  a form of mental set 
D)  representational thinking

Question 7

Research participants are separated into two groups. Participants in group 1 are asked to think of an animal beginning with the letter "p." Participants in group 2 are asked to think of a vegetable beginning with the letter "p." Immediately after, both groups are asked to think of an animal that begins with the letter "d." The responses on this final "d" task are timed. What will the results show?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consistent with the spreading activation model, people in group 1 respond more quickly than those in group 2. 
B)  Consistent with the spreading activation model, people in groups 1 and 2 respond equally quickly. 
C)  Contrary to the spreading activation model, people in group 1 respond more quickly than those in group 2. 
D)  Contrary to the spreading activation model, people in groups 1 and 2 respond equally quickly. 
A)  Consistent with the spreading activation model, people in group 1 respond more quickly than those in group 2. 
B)  Consistent with the spreading activation model, people in groups 1 and 2 respond equally quickly. 
C)  Contrary to the spreading activation model, people in group 1 respond more quickly than those in group 2. 
D)  Contrary to the spreading activation model, people in groups 1 and 2 respond equally quickly.

Question 8

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth grader's arithmetic text. This is a(n) __________ problem. The __________ state is 18/5, whereas the __________ state is 3 3/5.

Accepted Answer

A)  well-defined; initial; terminal 
B)  well-defined; initial; goal 
C)  ill-defined; initial; terminal 
D)  ill-defined; initial; goal 
A)  well-defined; initial; terminal 
B)  well-defined; initial; goal 
C)  ill-defined; initial; terminal 
D)  ill-defined; initial; goal

Question 9

What is the difference between chess masters and average chess players?

Accepted Answer

A)  Masters are more patient. 
B)  Masters have better short-term memory. 
C)  Masters chunk the game into larger units. 
D)  Masters have better visual imagery. 
A)  Masters are more patient. 
B)  Masters have better short-term memory. 
C)  Masters chunk the game into larger units. 
D)  Masters have better visual imagery.

Question 10

Research participants were shown an ambiguous picture they had never seen before. Depending on its orientation, the picture can look like either a duck or a rabbit. The picture was removed, and the participants were then asked to imagine the image and to describe what it looked like: all "saw" either a duck or rabbit. An additional finding was that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  not one of the participants was able to reverse the mental image 
B)  over time, participants "saw" morphed duck/rabbits-part duck, part rabbit imagery 
C)  the ducks were judged to be scarier than the rabbits 
D)  the rabbits were judged to be scarier than the ducks 
A)  not one of the participants was able to reverse the mental image 
B)  over time, participants "saw" morphed duck/rabbits-part duck, part rabbit imagery 
C)  the ducks were judged to be scarier than the rabbits 
D)  the rabbits were judged to be scarier than the ducks

Question 11

According to your text, judgment involves drawing conclusions from our experiences, whereas reasoning entails deriving specific implications from our beliefs. By these definitions, judgment is similar to __________; reasoning resembles __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  induction; induction as well 
B)  induction; deduction 
C)  deduction; deduction as well 
D)  deduction; induction 
A)  induction; induction as well 
B)  induction; deduction 
C)  deduction; deduction as well 
D)  deduction; induction

Question 12

What occurs when chess masters and average chess players are briefly shown a chessboard with the pieces randomly arranged?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both groups remember as much of the arrangement as when the pieces are in an order that reflects a game in play. 
B)  In some cases, the masters remember less of the arrangement than average players. 
C)  The masters usually remember more of the arrangement than the average players. 
D)  In some cases, the masters lose the following game to the average players. 
A)  Both groups remember as much of the arrangement as when the pieces are in an order that reflects a game in play. 
B)  In some cases, the masters remember less of the arrangement than average players. 
C)  The masters usually remember more of the arrangement than the average players. 
D)  In some cases, the masters lose the following game to the average players.

Question 13

System I is to System II as __________ is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reasoning; intuition 
B)  intuition; reasoning 
C)  effortful; automatic 
D)  central; peripheral 
A)  reasoning; intuition 
B)  intuition; reasoning 
C)  effortful; automatic 
D)  central; peripheral

Question 14

Dr. Estrada prepares a grant application to fund a critical thinking program designed to improve college students' thinking. Dr. Estrada's proposed program aims to improve judgment by teaching careful, systematic System II thinking; decision making by encouraging students to consider more options when they make decisions; and problem solving by alerting students to the unwarranted assumptions they make that might constrain their ability to solve problems. Which of the following statements reflects a valid criticism of this program?

Accepted Answer

A)  Judgment errors reflect an overreliance on System II thinking, not the failure to use System II strategies. 
B)  It is not worth funding an attempt to improve human thinking, as it is virtually impossible to do so. 
C)  Poor problem solving usually reflects the failure to apply mental sets, rather than the tendency to bring unwarranted assumptions to bear on the problem. 
D)  Unsatisfactory decision making performance often reflects the tendency to consider too many options, rather than too few. 
A)  Judgment errors reflect an overreliance on System II thinking, not the failure to use System II strategies. 
B)  It is not worth funding an attempt to improve human thinking, as it is virtually impossible to do so. 
C)  Poor problem solving usually reflects the failure to apply mental sets, rather than the tendency to bring unwarranted assumptions to bear on the problem. 
D)  Unsatisfactory decision making performance often reflects the tendency to consider too many options, rather than too few.

Question 15

In one study participants watched a video of a prison guard. Some participants were told in advance that the guard was atypical, that he was chosen because of his extreme views; others were not given this piece of information. What did the study show?

Accepted Answer

A)  That in drawing conclusions, the warning was irrelevant-it had no effect. 
B)  That women were influenced by the warning, but men were not. 
C)  That the warning made no difference if the guard was attractive; if he was unattractive, it altered judgments made by the participants. 
D)  That participants who had actually been to prison were more affected by the warning than were those who had not. 
A)  That in drawing conclusions, the warning was irrelevant-it had no effect. 
B)  That women were influenced by the warning, but men were not. 
C)  That the warning made no difference if the guard was attractive; if he was unattractive, it altered judgments made by the participants. 
D)  That participants who had actually been to prison were more affected by the warning than were those who had not.

Question 16

What is responsible for automaticity?

Accepted Answer

A)  extended practice with a task 
B)  conscious awareness of the routine required for a common task 
C)  a conscious and exact replication of a difficult task 
D)  boredom with a particular task 
A)  extended practice with a task 
B)  conscious awareness of the routine required for a common task 
C)  a conscious and exact replication of a difficult task 
D)  boredom with a particular task

Question 17

Dr. Daniels is providing feedback to a publishing company on a draft of a new psychology textbook that another professor has written. In one section, the professor introduces a difficult concept by describing a similar phenomenon that students reading the text might find more familiar. Based on your understanding of analogy as a problem-solving aid, what is the most useful feedback that Dr. Daniels could provide?

Accepted Answer

A)  "A good idea-but make sure the similarities between the two phenomena are explicitly described." 
B)  "Excellent use of analogy!" 
C)  "Omit the description-limit your discussion to the relevant psychological concepts to avoid confusing students." 
D)  "Omit the introductory description-it will establish a specific mental set that will impede students' understanding of the psychological concept." 
A)  "A good idea-but make sure the similarities between the two phenomena are explicitly described." 
B)  "Excellent use of analogy!" 
C)  "Omit the description-limit your discussion to the relevant psychological concepts to avoid confusing students." 
D)  "Omit the introductory description-it will establish a specific mental set that will impede students' understanding of the psychological concept."

Question 18

Research on spreading activation would suggest that, if you first see the word nurse, you will more quickly identify the word

Accepted Answer

A)  butter 
B)  doctor 
C)  stop 
D)  airplane 
A)  butter 
B)  doctor 
C)  stop 
D)  airplane

Question 19

What percentage of participants is able to correctly select the cards that must be turned over to solve the "classic" card selection task?

Accepted Answer

A)  4% 
B)  28% 
C)  55% 
D)  85% 
A)  4% 
B)  28% 
C)  55% 
D)  85%

Question 20

Research participants examined and memorized a map of a fictitious island, then imagined a black speck zipping from one location on that map to another. Results suggested that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the speck rarely "traveled" in a straight line 
B)  the speck simply "jumped" from one location to another; it did not "travel" 
C)  the time it took the speck to "travel" was proportional to the distance covered 
D)  some people who were poor visualizers could not make the speck "travel" at all 
A)  the speck rarely "traveled" in a straight line 
B)  the speck simply "jumped" from one location to another; it did not "travel" 
C)  the time it took the speck to "travel" was proportional to the distance covered 
D)  some people who were poor visualizers could not make the speck "travel" at all

Expert chess players think about chess positions differently than do players of lesser rank. Findings confirming this different way of thinking include the following:

Propositions __________.

Which of the following statements best expresses your text's conclusion regarding the potential to improve human thinking?

Propositions are __________.

Why are the authors of your text ultimately reluctant to accept the unflattering view of human reasoning offered by research studies of, say, the confirmation bias and syllogistic reasoning?

A plumber is unable to repair a pump because he can only imagine the conventional use for his tools. Which of the following does the plumber's problem best exemplify?

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth grader's arithmetic text. This is a(n) problem. The state is 18/5, whereas the __ state is 3 3/5.

What is the difference between chess masters and average chess players?

According to your text, judgment involves drawing conclusions from our experiences, whereas reasoning entails deriving specific implications from our beliefs. By these definitions, judgment is similar to ; reasoning resembles .

What occurs when chess masters and average chess players are briefly shown a chessboard with the pieces randomly arranged?

System I is to System II as is to .

In one study participants watched a video of a prison guard. Some participants were told in advance that the guard was atypical, that he was chosen because of his extreme views; others were not given this piece of information. What did the study show?

What is responsible for automaticity?

Research on spreading activation would suggest that, if you first see the word nurse, you will more quickly identify the word

What percentage of participants is able to correctly select the cards that must be turned over to solve the "classic" card selection task?

Research participants examined and memorized a map of a fictitious island, then imagined a black speck zipping from one location on that map to another. Results suggested that __________.

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

Exam 9: Thinking

Expert chess players think about chess positions differently than do players of lesser rank. Findings confirming this different way of thinking include the following:

Propositions __________.

Which of the following statements best expresses your text's conclusion regarding the potential to improve human thinking?

Propositions are __________.

Why are the authors of your text ultimately reluctant to accept the unflattering view of human reasoning offered by research studies of, say, the confirmation bias and syllogistic reasoning?

A plumber is unable to repair a pump because he can only imagine the conventional use for his tools. Which of the following does the plumber's problem best exemplify?

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth grader's arithmetic text. This is a(n) __________ problem. The __________ state is 18/5, whereas the __________ state is 3 3/5.

What is the difference between chess masters and average chess players?

According to your text, judgment involves drawing conclusions from our experiences, whereas reasoning entails deriving specific implications from our beliefs. By these definitions, judgment is similar to __________; reasoning resembles __________.

What occurs when chess masters and average chess players are briefly shown a chessboard with the pieces randomly arranged?

System I is to System II as __________ is to __________.

In one study participants watched a video of a prison guard. Some participants were told in advance that the guard was atypical, that he was chosen because of his extreme views; others were not given this piece of information. What did the study show?

What is responsible for automaticity?

Research on spreading activation would suggest that, if you first see the word nurse, you will more quickly identify the word

What percentage of participants is able to correctly select the cards that must be turned over to solve the "classic" card selection task?

Research participants examined and memorized a map of a fictitious island, then imagined a black speck zipping from one location on that map to another. Results suggested that __________.

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth grader's arithmetic text. This is a(n) problem. The state is 18/5, whereas the __ state is 3 3/5.

According to your text, judgment involves drawing conclusions from our experiences, whereas reasoning entails deriving specific implications from our beliefs. By these definitions, judgment is similar to ; reasoning resembles .

System I is to System II as is to .