Question 1

Starch is composed of two polymers,________,which is an unbranched chain,and ________,which is a branched polymer.

Accepted Answer

A) amylose; amylase 
B) amylase; amylose 
C) amylopectin; amylose 
D) amylose; amylopectin 
E) amylase; amylopectin 
A) amylose; amylase 
B) amylase; amylose 
C) amylopectin; amylose 
D) amylose; amylopectin 
E) amylase; amylopectin D

Question 2

The conversion of cyclic glucose between the alpha form and the beta form is called

Accepted Answer

A) dimerization. 
B) cyclization. 
C) mutarotation. 
D) polymerization. 
E) hydrolysis. 
A) dimerization. 
B) cyclization. 
C) mutarotation. 
D) polymerization. 
E) hydrolysis. C

Question 3

Mutarotation is process where

Accepted Answer

A) glucose undergoes reaction to form an equilibrium mixture of anomers. 
B) glucose reacts with an alcohol forming a cyclic acetal. 
C) the aldehyde group present in a sugar is converted to a hemiacetal. 
D) two glucose molecules react to form a disaccharide. 
E) glucose isomerizes to fructose. 
A) glucose undergoes reaction to form an equilibrium mixture of anomers. 
B) glucose reacts with an alcohol forming a cyclic acetal. 
C) the aldehyde group present in a sugar is converted to a hemiacetal. 
D) two glucose molecules react to form a disaccharide. 
E) glucose isomerizes to fructose. A

Question 4

Match the following.
-disaccharide

Accepted Answer

A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages 
A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages

Question 5

Classify the molecule shown according to the location of its carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms.

Accepted Answer

A) aldotriose 
B) aldotetrose 
C) aldopentose 
D) ketotriose 
E) ketopentose 
A) aldotriose 
B) aldotetrose 
C) aldopentose 
D) ketotriose 
E) ketopentose

Question 6

Match the following.
-polysaccharide

Accepted Answer

A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages 
A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages

Question 7

A sugar is classified as a D-isomer if the hydroxyl group

Accepted Answer

A) on the chiral carbon nearest to the carbonyl points to the left. 
B) on the chiral carbon nearest to the carbonyl points to the right. 
C) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left. 
D) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the right. 
E) on the end carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left. 
A) on the chiral carbon nearest to the carbonyl points to the left. 
B) on the chiral carbon nearest to the carbonyl points to the right. 
C) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left. 
D) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the right. 
E) on the end carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left.

Question 8

A sugar is classified as an L-isomer if the hydroxyl group

Accepted Answer

A) on the chiral carbon closest to the carbonyl group points to the left. 
B) on the chiral carbon closest to the carbonyl group points to the right. 
C) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the left. 
D) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the right. 
E) on the end carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left. 
A) on the chiral carbon closest to the carbonyl group points to the left. 
B) on the chiral carbon closest to the carbonyl group points to the right. 
C) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the left. 
D) on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group points to the right. 
E) on the end carbon farthest from the carbonyl points to the left.

Question 9

Lactose results from reacting glucose at its ________ carbon and galactose at its ________ carbon.

Accepted Answer

A) 4,1 
B) 1,4 
C) 1,6 
D) 6,1 
E) 1,1 
A) 4,1 
B) 1,4 
C) 1,6 
D) 6,1 
E) 1,1

Question 10

Ketoses can act as reducing sugars in basic solution because

Accepted Answer

A) their carbonyl groups can readily be oxidized just as in aldoses. 
B) the large number of hydroxyl groups allows oxidation of the molecules. 
C) the ketone is converted to an aldehyde by keto-enol tautomerization. 
D) mutarotation makes the carbonyl group accessible to oxidizing agents. 
E) none of the above 
A) their carbonyl groups can readily be oxidized just as in aldoses. 
B) the large number of hydroxyl groups allows oxidation of the molecules. 
C) the ketone is converted to an aldehyde by keto-enol tautomerization. 
D) mutarotation makes the carbonyl group accessible to oxidizing agents. 
E) none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following monosaccharides is present in nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose 
B) galactose 
C) ribose 
D) fructose 
A) glucose 
B) galactose 
C) ribose 
D) fructose

Question 12

Match the following.
-amylose

Accepted Answer

A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages 
A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages

Question 13

Match the following.
-diastereomers

Accepted Answer

A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages 
A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages

Question 14

Molecules such as erythrose and threose,which are stereoisomers but not mirror images,are referred to as a pair of ________.D- and L-threose are mirror images and are referred to as a pair of ________.

Accepted Answer

A) enantiomers; diastereomers 
B) diastereomers; enantiomers 
C) anomers; diastereomers 
D) diastereomers; anomers 
E) anomers; enantiomers 
A) enantiomers; diastereomers 
B) diastereomers; enantiomers 
C) anomers; diastereomers 
D) diastereomers; anomers 
E) anomers; enantiomers

Question 15

Sucrose is not a reducing sugar because its

Accepted Answer

A) hemiacetal groups cannot be converted to aldehyde groups. 
B) disaccharide bond is an α-1,4 linkage. 
C) disaccharide bond is a β-1,4 linkage. 
D) disaccharide bond is a 1,2 anomeric link. 
E) none of the above 
A) hemiacetal groups cannot be converted to aldehyde groups. 
B) disaccharide bond is an α-1,4 linkage. 
C) disaccharide bond is a β-1,4 linkage. 
D) disaccharide bond is a 1,2 anomeric link. 
E) none of the above

Question 16

Cellulose is produced by ________,and its major function is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) animals; energy storage 
B) animals; as a structural component 
C) plants; as a structural component 
D) plants; energy storage 
E) none of the above 
A) animals; energy storage 
B) animals; as a structural component 
C) plants; as a structural component 
D) plants; energy storage 
E) none of the above

Question 17

A hemiacetal linkage consists of a

Accepted Answer

A) carbon atom bonded to both an -OH and an -OR group. 
B) carbonyl group that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group. 
C) carbonyl group that is also bonded to an ether linkage. 
D) carbon atom bonded to two -OH groups. 
E) carbon atom that is bonded to an -OR group and an -NH2 group. 
A) carbon atom bonded to both an -OH and an -OR group. 
B) carbonyl group that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group. 
C) carbonyl group that is also bonded to an ether linkage. 
D) carbon atom bonded to two -OH groups. 
E) carbon atom that is bonded to an -OR group and an -NH2 group.

Question 18

All of the following are common monosaccharides of interest in human biochemistry except

Accepted Answer

A) glucose. 
B) fructose. 
C) ribose. 
D) galactose. 
E) maltose. 
A) glucose. 
B) fructose. 
C) ribose. 
D) galactose. 
E) maltose.

Question 19

Match the following.
-enantiomers

Accepted Answer

A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages 
A) isomers of cyclic sugars that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at the hemiacetal carbon atom 
B) an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids 
C) a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits 
D) a monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood 
E) stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
F)a carbohydrate that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis
G)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose
H)a carbohydrate that can be oxidized to produce an acid molecule or its corresponding anion
I)a very highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units
J)a carbohydrate composed of a large number of monosaccharides chemically combined
K)mirror-image forms of chiral molecules
L)a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
M)a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
N)a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
O)a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1,4 linkages
P)a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by a-1,4 linkages

Question 20

Which molecule is not a reducing sugar?

Accepted Answer

A) lactose 
B) maltose 
C) sucrose 
D) glucose 
E) galactose 
A) lactose 
B) maltose 
C) sucrose 
D) glucose 
E) galactose

Exam 21: Carbohydrates

Starch is composed of two polymers,________,which is an unbranched chain,and ________,which is a branched polymer.

The conversion of cyclic glucose between the alpha form and the beta form is called

Mutarotation is process where

Match the following. -disaccharide

Classify the molecule shown according to the location of its carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms.

Match the following. -polysaccharide

A sugar is classified as a D-isomer if the hydroxyl group

A sugar is classified as an L-isomer if the hydroxyl group

Lactose results from reacting glucose at its ________ carbon and galactose at its ________ carbon.

Ketoses can act as reducing sugars in basic solution because

Which of the following monosaccharides is present in nucleic acids?

Match the following. -amylose

Match the following. -diastereomers

Molecules such as erythrose and threose,which are stereoisomers but not mirror images,are referred to as a pair of ________.D- and L-threose are mirror images and are referred to as a pair of ________.

Sucrose is not a reducing sugar because its

Cellulose is produced by ________,and its major function is ________.

A hemiacetal linkage consists of a

All of the following are common monosaccharides of interest in human biochemistry except

Match the following. -enantiomers

Which molecule is not a reducing sugar?

Matter and Measurements

Atoms and the Periodic Table

Ionic Compounds

Molecular Compounds

Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships

Chemical Reactions: Energy, rates, and Equilibrium

Gases, liquids, and Solids

Solutions

Acids and Bases

Nuclear Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

Alkenes, alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

Some Compounds With Oxygen, sulfur, or a Halogen

Amines

Aldehydes and Ketones

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Amino Acids and Proteins

Enzymes and Vitamins

The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Lipids

Lipid Metabolism

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Genomics

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Chemical Messengers: Hormones, neurotransmitters, and Drugs

Body Fluids

Filters

Starch is composed of two polymers,,which is an unbranched chain,and ,which is a branched polymer.

Lactose results from reacting glucose at its carbon and galactose at its carbon.

Molecules such as erythrose and threose,which are stereoisomers but not mirror images,are referred to as a pair of .D- and L-threose are mirror images and are referred to as a pair of .

Cellulose is produced by ,and its major function is .