Question 1

Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

A) Water vapor (H2O) 
B) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
C) Oxygen (O2) 
D) Nitrogen (N2) 
A) Water vapor (H2O) 
B) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
C) Oxygen (O2) 
D) Nitrogen (N2)

Question 2

In a protein,the folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure,usually stabilized by covalent bonds between the side groups of the amino acids,is the

Accepted Answer

A) primary structure. 
B) secondary structure. 
C) tertiary structure. 
D) quaternary structure. 
A) primary structure. 
B) secondary structure. 
C) tertiary structure. 
D) quaternary structure.

Question 3

An alternative environment to the "hot dilute soup" that offers a possible source of energy and molecules for the origin of life is/are the

Accepted Answer

A) frozen Antarctic ice sheets. 
B) surface of Mars. 
C) hydrothermal vents in ocean bottoms. 
D) Earth mantle and core. 
A) frozen Antarctic ice sheets. 
B) surface of Mars. 
C) hydrothermal vents in ocean bottoms. 
D) Earth mantle and core.

Question 4

A critical answer to the chicken-or-the-egg problem formed by the nucleic-acid-or-enzyme-first dilemma is potentially solved by the discovery of catalytic RNAs called _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A critical answer to the chicken-or-the-egg problem...

Question 5

Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

A) Steroids 
B) Neutral fats 
C) Carbohydrates 
D) Phospholipids 
A) Steroids 
B) Neutral fats 
C) Carbohydrates 
D) Phospholipids

Question 6

Describe the first evidence for chemical evolution that came from Stanley Miller's experiment.

Accepted Answer

The first evidence for chemical evolutio

Question 7

Most organic molecules are associated with living organisms.Which of the following statements is NOT related to the general distinctions between these types of molecules?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbon dioxide (CO2)lacks hydrogen atoms found in most organic molecules and therefore is usually not considered to be "organic." 
B) Formaldehyde (CH2O)is a small molecule compared to most organic molecules but does have carbon and hydrogen covalently bonded together and therefore is considered to be "organic." 
C) Salt (Na+Cl)is not an organic molecule but is important to the life of many organisms. 
D) Organic carbon atoms are more diverse than inorganic carbon molecules that form the molecular structure of soot or a diamond from pure carbon. 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) Carbon dioxide (CO2)lacks hydrogen atoms found in most organic molecules and therefore is usually not considered to be "organic." 
B) Formaldehyde (CH2O)is a small molecule compared to most organic molecules but does have carbon and hydrogen covalently bonded together and therefore is considered to be "organic." 
C) Salt (Na+Cl)is not an organic molecule but is important to the life of many organisms. 
D) Organic carbon atoms are more diverse than inorganic carbon molecules that form the molecular structure of soot or a diamond from pure carbon. 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following carbohydrates is used in animal muscle and liver cells for energy storage?

Accepted Answer

A) Starch 
B) Chitin 
C) Cellulose 
D) Glycogen 
A) Starch 
B) Chitin 
C) Cellulose 
D) Glycogen

Question 9

A dehydration synthesis reaction is also

Accepted Answer

A) a condensation reaction. 
B) a hydrolysis reaction. 
C) an isomeric reaction. 
D) a reaction that does not require enzymes. 
A) a condensation reaction. 
B) a hydrolysis reaction. 
C) an isomeric reaction. 
D) a reaction that does not require enzymes.

Question 10

This chapter began with Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation,the theory that life could arise from non-living material.Then Miller and Urey test the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and suggest that the organic compounds required for life could be formed from the simpler molecules present in the prebiotic environment.Are these experiments contradictory? Explain how the science community recognize both as valid.

Accepted Answer

No, these experiments are not contradict

Question 11

Which of the following is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?

Accepted Answer

A) Cellulose 
B) Glycogen 
C) Fructose 
D) Glucose 
A) Cellulose 
B) Glycogen 
C) Fructose 
D) Glucose

Question 12

You eat eggs for breakfast and return in the evening to dirty dishes with "dried on" yellow streaks.After soaking awhile,the egg yolk protein molecules easily "wash off." What happened?

Accepted Answer

A) Heating denatured the egg protein molecules,hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried egg yolk,and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke these bonds 
B) Heating denatured the egg protein molecules,unorganized condensation reactions formed bonds in the drying egg,and soaking in water resulted in hydrolysis reactions where water broke these bonds 
C) Egg monomers were fused to become one polymer,which was easily dissolved by water back into monomers 
D) Addition of water converted organic molecules into inorganic molecules 
A) Heating denatured the egg protein molecules,hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried egg yolk,and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke these bonds 
B) Heating denatured the egg protein molecules,unorganized condensation reactions formed bonds in the drying egg,and soaking in water resulted in hydrolysis reactions where water broke these bonds 
C) Egg monomers were fused to become one polymer,which was easily dissolved by water back into monomers 
D) Addition of water converted organic molecules into inorganic molecules

Question 13

A solution that has a pH of 5 has

Accepted Answer

A) a concentration of H+ 20 times higher than water. 
B) a concentration of H+ 100 times higher than water. 
C) a concentration of H+ the same as water. 
D) a concentration of H+ 20 times lower than water. 
E) a concentration of H+ 100 times lower than water. 
A) a concentration of H+ 20 times higher than water. 
B) a concentration of H+ 100 times higher than water. 
C) a concentration of H+ the same as water. 
D) a concentration of H+ 20 times lower than water. 
E) a concentration of H+ 100 times lower than water.

Question 14

Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of

Accepted Answer

A) true cells capable of replication. 
B) nucleic acids. 
C) enzymes. 
D) a metabolic pathway. 
A) true cells capable of replication. 
B) nucleic acids. 
C) enzymes. 
D) a metabolic pathway.

Question 15

Describe the chicken-or-the-egg dilemma with enzymes and hereditary molecules,and detail how the "RNA world" proposal offers a solution.

Accepted Answer

The chicken-or-the-egg dilemma in the co

Question 16

The ______________ theory proposes that pre-eukaryotes are the result of anaerobic bacteria ingesting aerobic bacteria and subsequently a symbiotic relationship was formed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ______________ theory proposes that pre-eukaryotes are...

Question 17

A dissolved substance that has the ability to either remove or add H+ and OH- ions to resist pH changes is

Accepted Answer

A) a solution. 
B) pure water. 
C) a buffer. 
D) a solvent. 
A) a solution. 
B) pure water. 
C) a buffer. 
D) a solvent.

Question 18

Nucleic acids are important because they

Accepted Answer

A) act as buffers. 
B) are the basic units of neutral fats. 
C) direct the synthesis of proteins. 
D) None of the choices is correct. 
A) act as buffers. 
B) are the basic units of neutral fats. 
C) direct the synthesis of proteins. 
D) None of the choices is correct.

Question 19

Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

A) Radioactivity 
B) Electrical energy 
C) Radiation from the sun 
D) Sound 
A) Radioactivity 
B) Electrical energy 
C) Radiation from the sun 
D) Sound

Question 20

A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbohydrate 
B) Lipid 
C) Protein 
D) Simple sugar 
A) Carbohydrate 
B) Lipid 
C) Protein 
D) Simple sugar

Exam 2: The Origin and Chemistry of Life

Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

In a protein,the folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure,usually stabilized by covalent bonds between the side groups of the amino acids,is the

An alternative environment to the "hot dilute soup" that offers a possible source of energy and molecules for the origin of life is/are the

A critical answer to the chicken-or-the-egg problem formed by the nucleic-acid-or-enzyme-first dilemma is potentially solved by the discovery of catalytic RNAs called _______________.

Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?

Describe the first evidence for chemical evolution that came from Stanley Miller's experiment.

Most organic molecules are associated with living organisms.Which of the following statements is NOT related to the general distinctions between these types of molecules?

Which of the following carbohydrates is used in animal muscle and liver cells for energy storage?

A dehydration synthesis reaction is also

Which of the following is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?

You eat eggs for breakfast and return in the evening to dirty dishes with "dried on" yellow streaks.After soaking awhile,the egg yolk protein molecules easily "wash off." What happened?

A solution that has a pH of 5 has

Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been possible only after the development of

Describe the chicken-or-the-egg dilemma with enzymes and hereditary molecules,and detail how the "RNA world" proposal offers a solution.

The ______________ theory proposes that pre-eukaryotes are the result of anaerobic bacteria ingesting aerobic bacteria and subsequently a symbiotic relationship was formed.

A dissolved substance that has the ability to either remove or add H+ and OH- ions to resist pH changes is

Nucleic acids are important because they

Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?

Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

Cells As Units of Life

Cellular Metabolism

Genetics: a Review

Organic Evolution

The Reproductive Process

Principles of Development

Architectual Pattern of an Animal

Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

Unicellular Eukaryotes

Sponges and Placozoans

Cnidarians and Ctenophores

Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa

Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa

Molluscs

Annelids and Allied Taxa

Smaller Ecdysozoans

Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods

Crustaceans

Hexapods

Chaetognaths, echinoderms, and Hemichordates

Chordates

Fishes

Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians

Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Support, Protection, and Movement

Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation

Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration

Digestion and Nutrition

Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs

Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System

Immunity

Animal Behavior

Animal Distribution

Animal Ecology

Filters

A dissolved substance that has the ability to either remove or add H⁺ and OH^- ions to resist pH changes is