Exam 17: Mechanics of Breathing

There is a mixture of gases in dry air,with an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg.Calculate the partial pressure of each gas for the examples below: A.20.7% oxygen,78.2% nitrogen,0.4% carbon dioxide B.45% oxygen,41% nitrogen,3% carbon dioxide,11% hydrogen C.79% oxygen,15% nitrogen,5% carbon dioxide,1% argon

A.Patrick is snorkeling (surface swimming with a tube in his mouth to maintain breathing while his face is in the water).The snorkel tube is 40 cm in length and 1.2 cm in radius.How does this affect Patrick's breathing? Calculate the increase in relative resistance contributed by the snorkel tube. B.What is dead space and how does that affect snorkeling? Explain your answer,assuming the snorkel tube is a round cylinder and cylinder volume is pr²L.How does the snorkel tube affect alveolar ventilation (assume a ventilation rate of 12 breaths/min,tidal volume of 500 mL,and normal dead space volume of 150 mL)? If normal alveolar ventilation is 4200 mL/min,how must Patrick breathe during snorkeling compared to normal? C.Patrick loves snorkeling,but wishes he could go a little deeper.He decides to create a longer snorkel tube to try to achieve this desire.He isn't sure how radius figures in,so he makes two tubes of 60 cm length,one with a 1.2 cm radius and the other with a 2 cm radius.What are the relative resistances of these two new tubes? Do you think he will be able to snorkel well with either of these tubes? Explain.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

Air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). -Arterioles: systemic constrict,pulmonary dilate.

Sherry is not able to produce surfactant.In order to inhale a normal tidal volume,does her intrapleural pressure have to be higher or lower than for a healthy individual? Explain.

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

A ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath.

Match the lung capacity with its description. -the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced)inspiration

In the lungs,an example of the body's reserve capacity is that

The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.

Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). -Bronchioles and systemic arterioles constrict.

When the inspiratory muscles relax,the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.

Surfactant

Type II alveolar cells

Match the lung volume with its description. -the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration

Dalton's law states that

In a condition known as pleurisy,there is excess fluid in the pleural space.How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation?

Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease.

Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a