Question 1

The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often

Accepted Answer

A)  a hormone. 
B)  a membrane receptor molecule. 
C)  ATP. 
D)  a protein kinase. 
E)  cholesterol. 
A)  a hormone. 
B)  a membrane receptor molecule. 
C)  ATP. 
D)  a protein kinase. 
E)  cholesterol.

Question 2

Homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  local control 
B)  reflex control 
C)  Cannon's law 
D)  down-regulation 
A)  local control 
B)  reflex control 
C)  Cannon's law 
D)  down-regulation

Question 3

When calcium becomes available inside a cell,it comes from

Accepted Answer

A)  extracellular fluid only. 
B)  intracellular storage only. 
C)  extracellular fluid and intracellular storage. 
D)  It is always available as a major cytosol cation. 
A)  extracellular fluid only. 
B)  intracellular storage only. 
C)  extracellular fluid and intracellular storage. 
D)  It is always available as a major cytosol cation.

Question 4

A physiological parameter which is regulated in an up-down fashion by signals that are always present but change in intensity is said to be under ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A physiological parameter which is regulated in...

Question 5

Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems?

Accepted Answer

A)  specificity 
B)  nature of the signal 
C)  speed 
D)  duration of action 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  specificity 
B)  nature of the signal 
C)  speed 
D)  duration of action 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Describe or diagram the basic pattern of a biological signal transduction pathway.

Accepted Answer

Membrane Proteins Fa

Question 7

An integrating center

Accepted Answer

A)  is the disturbance or change that sets the pathway in motion. 
B)  is an electrical and/or chemical signal that travels to the effector. 
C)  evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint. 
D)  is the minimum stimulus that must be achieved to set the reflect response in motion. 
A)  is the disturbance or change that sets the pathway in motion. 
B)  is an electrical and/or chemical signal that travels to the effector. 
C)  evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint. 
D)  is the minimum stimulus that must be achieved to set the reflect response in motion.

Question 8

Nobel Prizes were awarded to the discoverers of G proteins,the G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system,and nitric oxide.Summarize each of these,and explain the importance of these discoveries to our understanding of signal pathways.

Accepted Answer

G proteins are coupled to hundreds of di

Question 9

One intracellular calcium-binding protein is

Accepted Answer

A)  calmodulin. 
B)  calcitonin. 
C)  calcitriol. 
D)  IP3. 
E)  nitric oxide. 
A)  calmodulin. 
B)  calcitonin. 
C)  calcitriol. 
D)  IP3. 
E)  nitric oxide.

Question 10

Lipophilic hormones

Accepted Answer

A)  bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. 
B)  function by way of a second messenger system. 
C)  cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. 
D)  bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
E)  function by activating cAMP. 
A)  bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. 
B)  function by way of a second messenger system. 
C)  cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. 
D)  bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
E)  function by activating cAMP.

Question 11

What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide?

Accepted Answer

A)  arginine 
B)  citrulline 
C)  nitric oxide synthase 
D)  carbon monoxide 
E)  carbon dioxide 
A)  arginine 
B)  citrulline 
C)  nitric oxide synthase 
D)  carbon monoxide 
E)  carbon dioxide

Question 12

An ion widely important in intracellular signaling is

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  cobalt. 
A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  cobalt.

Question 13

What is the half-life of a signal?

Accepted Answer

the time required fo

Question 14

Explain how epinephrine can cause intestinal blood vessels to constrict and cause skeletal muscle blood vessels to dilate.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine can bind to differ

Question 15

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. 
B)  Some cells lack the necessary receptors. 
C)  Some cells are completely without receptors. 
D)  Some cells are completely without ligands. 
E)  Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target. 
A)  Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. 
B)  Some cells lack the necessary receptors. 
C)  Some cells are completely without receptors. 
D)  Some cells are completely without ligands. 
E)  Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.

Question 16

A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite,creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning...

Question 17

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to

Accepted Answer

A)  only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. 
B)  only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. 
C)  only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. 
D)  decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors. 
A)  only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. 
B)  only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. 
C)  only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. 
D)  decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors.

Question 18

The secretion of the hormone insulin in response to changes in blood glucose level is an example of a(n)________ reflex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The secretion of the hormone insulin in...

Question 19

If the signal molecule acts on the cell that secreted it,the chemical is called a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the signal molecule acts on the...

Question 20

Section Title: Cell-to-Cell Communication
Learning Outcome: 6.2
Skill: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis)
-Briefly explain the effects of the hormone insulin on glucose transport.What is diabetes mellitus? How are Types I and II different? Why do insulin injections help alleviate one type but not the other?

Accepted Answer

Insulin promotes glucose transport into

Exam 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often

Homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called ________.

When calcium becomes available inside a cell,it comes from

A physiological parameter which is regulated in an up-down fashion by signals that are always present but change in intensity is said to be under ________.

Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems?

Describe or diagram the basic pattern of a biological signal transduction pathway.

An integrating center

Nobel Prizes were awarded to the discoverers of G proteins,the G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system,and nitric oxide.Summarize each of these,and explain the importance of these discoveries to our understanding of signal pathways.

One intracellular calcium-binding protein is

Lipophilic hormones

What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide?

An ion widely important in intracellular signaling is

What is the half-life of a signal?

Explain how epinephrine can cause intestinal blood vessels to constrict and cause skeletal muscle blood vessels to dilate.

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?

A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite,creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing.

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to

The secretion of the hormone insulin in response to changes in blood glucose level is an example of a(n)________ reflex.

If the signal molecule acts on the cell that secreted it,the chemical is called a(n)________.

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

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