Question 1

Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?

Accepted Answer

A)  unilineal descent and ancestor worship 
B)  territoriality and organized warfare 
C)  high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations 
D)  a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles 
E)  permanent villages and full-time priests 
A)  unilineal descent and ancestor worship 
B)  territoriality and organized warfare 
C)  high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations 
D)  a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles 
E)  permanent villages and full-time priests C

Question 2

Although agriculture is much more productive per acre than horticulture, horticulture is more reliable and dependable in the long run.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized reciprocity 
B)  balanced reciprocity 
C)  negative reciprocity 
D)  redistribution 
E)  none of these exchanges 
A)  generalized reciprocity 
B)  balanced reciprocity 
C)  negative reciprocity 
D)  redistribution 
E)  none of these exchanges A

Question 4

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

Accepted Answer

A)  suggest hypothetical correlations-that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables. 
B)  suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production. 
C)  suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns. 
D)  suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features. 
E)  have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models. 
A)  suggest hypothetical correlations-that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables. 
B)  suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production. 
C)  suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns. 
D)  suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features. 
E)  have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.

Question 5

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?

Accepted Answer

A)  People are not aware that they are working toward a goal. 
B)  The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people. 
C)  The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship. 
D)  Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems. 
E)  Most economic activity takes place far from home. 
A)  People are not aware that they are working toward a goal. 
B)  The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people. 
C)  The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship. 
D)  Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems. 
E)  Most economic activity takes place far from home.

Question 6

Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased leisure time 
B)  improved overall health status of the population 
C)  increased egalitarianism 
D)  increasing economic specialization 
E)  longer fallow periods 
A)  increased leisure time 
B)  improved overall health status of the population 
C)  increased egalitarianism 
D)  increasing economic specialization 
E)  longer fallow periods

Question 7

Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Generalized reciprocity

Accepted Answer

A)  is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged. 
B)  is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies. 
C)  usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle. 
D)  disappears with the origin of the state. 
E)  is exemplified by silent trade. 
A)  is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged. 
B)  is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies. 
C)  usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle. 
D)  disappears with the origin of the state. 
E)  is exemplified by silent trade.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-level societies?

Accepted Answer

A)  an egalitarian social structure 
B)  nuclear families 
C)  the sexual division of labor 
D)  permanent villages 
E)  mechanisms of social control 
A)  an egalitarian social structure 
B)  nuclear families 
C)  the sexual division of labor 
D)  permanent villages 
E)  mechanisms of social control

Question 10

Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized exchange 
B)  the market principle 
C)  redistribution 
D)  negative reciprocity 
E)  balanced reciprocity 
A)  generalized exchange 
B)  the market principle 
C)  redistribution 
D)  negative reciprocity 
E)  balanced reciprocity

Question 12

In this chapter we learned that we should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age. In fact, all societies, no matter how small or seemingly remote, are influenced by regional and even global forces. For example, the Kamayurá Indians, who live in the middle of Xingu National Park in Brazil, have had to deal with which of the following threats to their livelihood?

Accepted Answer

A)  the encroachment of guerrilla fighters and miners seeking tourmalines, a precious stone currently in high demand 
B)  drier weather from deforestation and climate change, and the negative impact that this has on their subsistence crops and the availability of food that they relied on through fishing and hunting 
C)  the encroachment of urban development of coastal Brazilians in search of a life closer to nature 
D)  pressure from missionaries attempting to transform them into a cash-crop society 
E)  unpredictable weather patterns that have increased precipitation in the region and turned jungle into swamp 
A)  the encroachment of guerrilla fighters and miners seeking tourmalines, a precious stone currently in high demand 
B)  drier weather from deforestation and climate change, and the negative impact that this has on their subsistence crops and the availability of food that they relied on through fishing and hunting 
C)  the encroachment of urban development of coastal Brazilians in search of a life closer to nature 
D)  pressure from missionaries attempting to transform them into a cash-crop society 
E)  unpredictable weather patterns that have increased precipitation in the region and turned jungle into swamp

Question 13

Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They all live in state-organized societies. 
B)  They owe rent to landlords. 
C)  They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors. 
D)  They owe rent to the government. 
E)  They are not part of the world market. 
A)  They all live in state-organized societies. 
B)  They owe rent to landlords. 
C)  They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors. 
D)  They owe rent to the government. 
E)  They are not part of the world market.

Question 14

Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  states. 
B)  foragers. 
C)  horticulturalists. 
D)  pastoralists. 
E)  chiefdoms. 
A)  states. 
B)  foragers. 
C)  horticulturalists. 
D)  pastoralists. 
E)  chiefdoms.

Question 15

Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite ethnographic evidence in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The contrast between horticulture and ag

Question 16

Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are no present-day foragers. 
B)  The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn. 
C)  Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time, and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood. 
D)  Paleolithic foragers were prelinguistic. 
E)  Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens. 
A)  There are no present-day foragers. 
B)  The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn. 
C)  Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time, and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood. 
D)  Paleolithic foragers were prelinguistic. 
E)  Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens.

Question 19

With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

What is the term that refers to the type of pastoral economy in which part of the population moves with the herds while the rest stays in the village?

Accepted Answer

A)  balanced subsistence 
B)  discretionary pastoralism 
C)  pastoral transhumance 
D)  foraging 
E)  transhumant nomadism 
A)  balanced subsistence 
B)  discretionary pastoralism 
C)  pastoral transhumance 
D)  foraging 
E)  transhumant nomadism

Exam 16: Making a Living

Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?

Although agriculture is much more productive per acre than horticulture, horticulture is more reliable and dependable in the long run.

Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?

Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?

Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.

Generalized reciprocity

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-level societies?

Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?

Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true?

Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT

Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite ethnographic evidence in your answer.

Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.

In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society.

Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?

With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.

What is the term that refers to the type of pastoral economy in which part of the population moves with the herds while the rest stays in the village?

What Is Anthropology

Culture

Applying Anthropology

Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology

Evolution and Genetics

Human Variation and Adaptation

The Primates

Early Hominins

Archaic Homo

The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans

The First Farmers

The First Cities and States

Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology

Language and Communication

Ethnicity and Race

Political Systems

Gender

Families, Kinship, and Descent

Marriage

Religion

Arts, Media, and Sports

The World System and Colonialism

Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World

Filters