Exam 8: Environment, Subsistence, and Demography

The Native American urban center of Cahokia illustrates the connection between abundant natural resources and the emergence of chiefdoms.

Ju/'hoansi San women were often able to gather enough food from wild sources in one or two days to feed their children for an entire week.

The process by which an organism adjusts successfully to a specific environment is called __________.

Hunter-gatherer societies have never been in contact with or influenced by other cultures.

A foraging society depends on __________ for food.

What is the demographic transition? Explain why this transition takes place and the conditions that affect it. Support your answer with specific details.

Intensive agriculture allows a population to produce a surplus of food to support larger families.

When did agricultural civilizations begin to develop?

The Nuer slaughter most of their cattle in the fall and store the meat for use over the year.

The change for high fertility rates and high mortality rates to low fertility rates and low mortality rates is called the __________.

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists" to refer to peoples who __________.

Since hunter-gatherer societies are mobile, the environment does not influence demographic characteristics such as population growth, fertility, and mortality.

Mortality rates have always been lower in agricultural societies.

Since cooking fires had to be fueled with expensive oil made from blubber, Eskimos ate much of their food raw.

Studies of hunter-gatherer groups often include an investigation of the maximum population that a specific environment can support, or what is called the __________.

Why are the Native American societies of the Northwest Coast such as the Bella Coola, Haida, and Tlingit considered atypical of chiefdom societies?

Describe the demographic changes that emerge in agricultural societies. How are these changes tied to subsistence? Support your answer with specific examples.

How has the Industrial Revolution affected energy use? Discuss the emergence of industrial and postindustrial societies, their characteristics, and how they meet their subsistence needs.

The horticulturalist Iroquois depended solely on cultivated food resources.

Building on Leslie White's idea that sociocultural evolution progressed by the amount of energy it harnessed, John Bodley has suggested that there are __________ cultures.