Question 1

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is

Accepted Answer

A) the spermatozoon. 
B) the ovum. 
C) a blastomere in the vegetal pole. 
D) a blastomere in the animal pole. 
E) one of the products of the first cleavage. 
A) the spermatozoon. 
B) the ovum. 
C) a blastomere in the vegetal pole. 
D) a blastomere in the animal pole. 
E) one of the products of the first cleavage.

Question 2

In a developing frog embryo, most of the yolk is

Accepted Answer

A) located near the animal pole. 
B) located near the vegetal pole. 
C) found within the cleavage furrow. 
D) found within the blastocoels. 
E) distributed equally throughout the embryo. 
A) located near the animal pole. 
B) located near the vegetal pole. 
C) found within the cleavage furrow. 
D) found within the blastocoels. 
E) distributed equally throughout the embryo.

Question 3

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

Accepted Answer

A) the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B) the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C) the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D) the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E) the polar bodies bud from this region. 
A) the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk. 
B) the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole. 
C) the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole. 
D) the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis. 
E) the polar bodies bud from this region.

Question 4

With regard to the establishment of an anterior-posterior axis, which of the following pairs is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A) C. elegans - convergent elongation of P granules 
B) mammal - orientation of egg and sperm nuclei before fusion 
C) insects - morphogen gradients 
D) frog - asymmetry in the animal vegetal hemispheres 
E) chick - gravity as the egg travels down the oviduct 
A) C. elegans - convergent elongation of P granules 
B) mammal - orientation of egg and sperm nuclei before fusion 
C) insects - morphogen gradients 
D) frog - asymmetry in the animal vegetal hemispheres 
E) chick - gravity as the egg travels down the oviduct

Question 5

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines

Accepted Answer

A) pattern formation. 
B) induction. 
C) differentiation. 
D) determination. 
E) organogenesis. 
A) pattern formation. 
B) induction. 
C) differentiation. 
D) determination. 
E) organogenesis.

Question 6

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Imagine that you are a paleontologist and have discovered a 375-million-year-old transitional species between fish and the first legged animals. This species reveals that the evolution of hind legs began as enhanced hind fins.
-Which specialized structures evolved for use in terrestrial embryote development? I. shelled eggs
II. motile sperm
III. uterus

Accepted Answer

A) I only 
B) II only 
C) I and II 
D) I and III 
E) II and III 
A) I only 
B) II only 
C) I and II 
D) I and III 
E) II and III

Question 7

Two primary factors in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos are

Accepted Answer

A) light and temperature. 
B) salt gradients and membrane potentials. 
C) gravity and pH. 
D) moisture and mucus. 
E) location of sperm penetration and cortical reaction. 
A) light and temperature. 
B) salt gradients and membrane potentials. 
C) gravity and pH. 
D) moisture and mucus. 
E) location of sperm penetration and cortical reaction.

Question 8

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Accepted Answer

A) reproductive organs. 
B) blastocoel. 
C) heart and lungs. 
D) digestive tract. 
E) brain and spinal cord. 
A) reproductive organs. 
B) blastocoel. 
C) heart and lungs. 
D) digestive tract. 
E) brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) holoblastic cleavage 
B) epiblast and hypoblast 
C) trophoblast 
D) yolk plug 
E) grey crescent 
A) holoblastic cleavage 
B) epiblast and hypoblast 
C) trophoblast 
D) yolk plug 
E) grey crescent

Question 10

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Scientific studies have shown that ectrodactyly, a condition involving deficient or absent digits on the hand or foot, may be caused by a defect in the apical ectodermal ridge of an embryo's limb bud.
-Assume that ectrodactyly results from a deficiency in secretion of signal proteins. What would happen if fibroblast growth factor were applied to the AER during limb formation?

Accepted Answer

A) All limb buds would cease further growth. 
B) The limb bud would be reabsorbed. 
C) The limb bud would remain the same. 
D) The limb would grow to half its normal size. 
E) A nearly normal limb would grow. 
A) All limb buds would cease further growth. 
B) The limb bud would be reabsorbed. 
C) The limb bud would remain the same. 
D) The limb would grow to half its normal size. 
E) A nearly normal limb would grow.

Question 11

Which of the following is the anatomical axis that is largely symmetrical in both frogs and humans?

Accepted Answer

A) right to left 
B) dorsal to ventral 
C) anterior to posterior 
D) animal to vegetal 
E) rostral to caudal 
A) right to left 
B) dorsal to ventral 
C) anterior to posterior 
D) animal to vegetal 
E) rostral to caudal

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a study of the development of frog embryos, researchers stained several early gastrulas with vital dyes and noted the locations of the dyes after gastrulation. The results are shown in the following table.
  
-The ectoderm should give rise to tissues containing

Accepted Answer

A) yellow and purple colours. 
B) purple and green colours. 
C) green and red colours. 
D) red and blue colours. 
E) red and yellow colours. 
A) yellow and purple colours. 
B) purple and green colours. 
C) green and red colours. 
D) red and blue colours. 
E) red and yellow colours.

Question 13

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is

Accepted Answer

A) convergent extension. 
B) induction. 
C) elongational streaming. 
D) bi-axial elongation. 
E) blastomere formation. 
A) convergent extension. 
B) induction. 
C) elongational streaming. 
D) bi-axial elongation. 
E) blastomere formation.

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a study of the development of frog embryos, researchers stained several early gastrulas with vital dyes and noted the locations of the dyes after gastrulation. The results are shown in the following table.
  
-The mesoderm was probably stained with a

Accepted Answer

A) blue colour. 
B) yellow colour. 
C) red colour. 
D) purple colour. 
E) green colour. 
A) blue colour. 
B) yellow colour. 
C) red colour. 
D) purple colour. 
E) green colour.

Question 15

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Accepted Answer

A) is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B) is composed of about 1000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C) has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D) has about 1000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E) uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development. 
A) is composed of a single cell, in which the developmental origin of each protein has been mapped. 
B) is composed of about 1000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped. 
C) has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced. 
D) has about 1000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced. 
E) uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development.

Question 16

Although it contributes no cells to the embryo, the formation of the primitive streak is guided by the structure known as the

Accepted Answer

A) endoderm. 
B) mesoderm. 
C) ectoderm. 
D) neural crest. 
E) hypoblast. 
A) endoderm. 
B) mesoderm. 
C) ectoderm. 
D) neural crest. 
E) hypoblast.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of an anatomical relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B) The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C) The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D) The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs. 
A) The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B) The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C) The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D) The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs.

Question 18

During the early part of the cleavage stage in frog development, the rapidly developing cells

Accepted Answer

A) skip the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. 
B) skip the S phase of the cell cycle. 
C) skip the G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle. 
D) rapidly increase the volume and mass of the embryo. 
E) skip the cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle. 
A) skip the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. 
B) skip the S phase of the cell cycle. 
C) skip the G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle. 
D) rapidly increase the volume and mass of the embryo. 
E) skip the cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle.

Question 19

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like

Accepted Answer

A) placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine. 
B) resting during halftime of a basketball game. 
C) preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven. 
D) walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch. 
E) dropping a rock off a cliff and watching it land in the valley below. 
A) placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine. 
B) resting during halftime of a basketball game. 
C) preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven. 
D) walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch. 
E) dropping a rock off a cliff and watching it land in the valley below.

Question 20

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the primary organizer in amphibian embryos while studying the

Accepted Answer

A) medial cells between the optic cups. 
B) anterior terminus of the notochord. 
C) lateral margins of the neural tube. 
D) posterior edge of the dorsal ectoderm. 
E) dorsal lip of the blastopore. 
A) medial cells between the optic cups. 
B) anterior terminus of the notochord. 
C) lateral margins of the neural tube. 
D) posterior edge of the dorsal ectoderm. 
E) dorsal lip of the blastopore.

Exam 47: Animal Development

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is

In a developing frog embryo, most of the yolk is

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

With regard to the establishment of an anterior-posterior axis, which of the following pairs is incorrect?

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines

Two primary factors in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos are

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals?

Which of the following is the anatomical axis that is largely symmetrical in both frogs and humans?

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Although it contributes no cells to the embryo, the formation of the primitive streak is guided by the structure known as the

Which of the following is a correct description of an anatomical relationship?

During the early part of the cleavage stage in frog development, the rapidly developing cells

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the primary organizer in amphibian embryos while studying the

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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