Question 1

Contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo

Accepted Answer

A) mitosis. 
B) depolarization. 
C) apoptosis. 
D) vitellogenesis. 
E) the acrosomal reaction. 
A) mitosis. 
B) depolarization. 
C) apoptosis. 
D) vitellogenesis. 
E) the acrosomal reaction.

Question 2

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A) gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage 
B) ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization 
C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis 
D) gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation 
E) preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation 
A) gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage 
B) ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization 
C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis 
D) gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation 
E) preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation

Question 3

In sea urchins, the "fast block" and the longer-lasting "slow block" to polyspermy, respectively, are

Accepted Answer

A) the acrosomal reaction and the formation of egg white. 
B) the cortical reaction and the formation of yolk protein. 
C) the jelly coat of the egg and the vitelline membrane. 
D) membrane depolarization and the cortical reaction. 
E) inactivation of the sperm acrosome. 
A) the acrosomal reaction and the formation of egg white. 
B) the cortical reaction and the formation of yolk protein. 
C) the jelly coat of the egg and the vitelline membrane. 
D) membrane depolarization and the cortical reaction. 
E) inactivation of the sperm acrosome.

Question 4

As an embryo develops, new cells are produced as the result of

Accepted Answer

A) differentiation. 
B) preformation. 
C) cell division. 
D) morphogenesis. 
E) epigenesis. 
A) differentiation. 
B) preformation. 
C) cell division. 
D) morphogenesis. 
E) epigenesis.

Question 5

Extraembryonic membranes develop in

Accepted Answer

A) mammals, but not birds or lizards. 
B) birds, but not mammals or lizards. 
C) lizards, but not mammals or birds. 
D) mammals and birds, but not lizards. 
E) mammals, birds, and lizards. 
A) mammals, but not birds or lizards. 
B) birds, but not mammals or lizards. 
C) lizards, but not mammals or birds. 
D) mammals and birds, but not lizards. 
E) mammals, birds, and lizards.

Question 6

The small portion of the embryo that will become its dorsal side develops from the

Accepted Answer

A) morula. 
B) primitive streak. 
C) archenteron. 
D) grey crescent. 
E) blastocoel. 
A) morula. 
B) primitive streak. 
C) archenteron. 
D) grey crescent. 
E) blastocoel.

Question 7

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer

Accepted Answer

A) opens the egg's nuclear membrane to allow haploid sperm DNA to enter. 
B) hardens to form a protective cover. 
C) secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary. 
D) reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation. 
E) provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote. 
A) opens the egg's nuclear membrane to allow haploid sperm DNA to enter. 
B) hardens to form a protective cover. 
C) secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary. 
D) reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation. 
E) provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote.

Question 8

In placental mammals, the yolk sac

Accepted Answer

A) transfers nutrients from the yolk to the embryo. 
B) differentiates into the placenta. 
C) becomes a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo. 
D) produces blood cells that then migrate into the embryo. 
E) stores waste products from the embryo until the placenta develops. 
A) transfers nutrients from the yolk to the embryo. 
B) differentiates into the placenta. 
C) becomes a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo. 
D) produces blood cells that then migrate into the embryo. 
E) stores waste products from the embryo until the placenta develops.

Question 9

In an egg cell treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the

Accepted Answer

A) acrosomal reaction would be blocked. 
B) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked. 
C) fast block to polyspermy would not occur. 
D) fertilization envelope would not be formed. 
E) zygote would not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes. 
A) acrosomal reaction would be blocked. 
B) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked. 
C) fast block to polyspermy would not occur. 
D) fertilization envelope would not be formed. 
E) zygote would not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Question 10

A human blastomere is

Accepted Answer

A) an embryonic cell that is much smaller than the ovum. 
B) an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity. 
C) that part of the acrosome that opens the egg's membrane. 
D) a component of the zona pellucida. 
E) a cell that contains a (degenerating)second polar body. 
A) an embryonic cell that is much smaller than the ovum. 
B) an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity. 
C) that part of the acrosome that opens the egg's membrane. 
D) a component of the zona pellucida. 
E) a cell that contains a (degenerating)second polar body.

Question 11

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

Accepted Answer

A) nervous system. 
B) liver. 
C) pancreas. 
D) heart. 
E) kidneys. 
A) nervous system. 
B) liver. 
C) pancreas. 
D) heart. 
E) kidneys.

Question 12

Select the choice that correctly associates the organ with its embryonic sources.

Accepted Answer

A) anterior pituitary gland-mesoderm and endoderm 
B) thyroid gland-mesoderm and ectoderm 
C) adrenal gland-ectoderm and mesoderm 
D) skin-endoderm and mesoderm 
E) brain-mesoderm and endoderm 
A) anterior pituitary gland-mesoderm and endoderm 
B) thyroid gland-mesoderm and ectoderm 
C) adrenal gland-ectoderm and mesoderm 
D) skin-endoderm and mesoderm 
E) brain-mesoderm and endoderm

Question 13

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

Accepted Answer

A) complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B) have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C) have a more distinct animal pole. 
D) have a more distinct vegetal pole. 
E) have no requirement for the cortical reaction. 
A) complete the fertilization process more rapidly. 
B) have not already completed meiosis at the time of ovulation. 
C) have a more distinct animal pole. 
D) have a more distinct vegetal pole. 
E) have no requirement for the cortical reaction.

Question 14

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Imagine that you are a paleontologist and have discovered a 375-million-year-old transitional species between fish and the first legged animals. This species reveals that the evolution of hind legs began as enhanced hind fins.
-Upon moving from the water onto land, which of the following would be necessary to ensure continued reproductive success on land?

Accepted Answer

A) a thick, waxy ectoderm 
B) external fertilization 
C) elongated flagella 
D) evolution of extraembryonic membranes 
E) formation of an acrosome on sperm cells 
A) a thick, waxy ectoderm 
B) external fertilization 
C) elongated flagella 
D) evolution of extraembryonic membranes 
E) formation of an acrosome on sperm cells

Question 15

The earliest developmental stage among these choices is

Accepted Answer

A) germ layers. 
B) morula. 
C) blastopore. 
D) gastrulation. 
E) invagination. 
A) germ layers. 
B) morula. 
C) blastopore. 
D) gastrulation. 
E) invagination.

Question 16

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A) first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
B) cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C) cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D) first cell division → acrosomal reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → cortical reaction 
E) acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division 
A) first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
B) cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C) cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D) first cell division → acrosomal reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → cortical reaction 
E) acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division

Question 17

In all vertebrate animals, development requires

Accepted Answer

A) a large supply of yolk. 
B) an aqueous environment. 
C) extraembryonic membranes. 
D) an amnion. 
E) a primitive streak. 
A) a large supply of yolk. 
B) an aqueous environment. 
C) extraembryonic membranes. 
D) an amnion. 
E) a primitive streak.

Question 18

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Accepted Answer

A) block polyspermy. 
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C) digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg. 
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm. 
A) block polyspermy. 
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C) digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg. 
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm.

Question 19

Human trophoblasts

Accepted Answer

A) form the inner cell mass. 
B) form from ectoderm. 
C) are the precursors of the mesoderm. 
D) are of embryonic origin and function in embryo nutrition. 
E) are of maternal origin and function in embryo gas exchange. 
A) form the inner cell mass. 
B) form from ectoderm. 
C) are the precursors of the mesoderm. 
D) are of embryonic origin and function in embryo nutrition. 
E) are of maternal origin and function in embryo gas exchange.

Question 20

A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

Accepted Answer

A) the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed after fertilization. 
B) sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs are produced by mitosis. 
C) sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are much bigger than human sperm. 
D) sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs. 
E) sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but human zygotes get their mitochondria from the egg. 
A) the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed after fertilization. 
B) sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs are produced by mitosis. 
C) sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are much bigger than human sperm. 
D) sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs. 
E) sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but human zygotes get their mitochondria from the egg.

Exam 47: Animal Development

Contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

In sea urchins, the "fast block" and the longer-lasting "slow block" to polyspermy, respectively, are

As an embryo develops, new cells are produced as the result of

Extraembryonic membranes develop in

The small portion of the embryo that will become its dorsal side develops from the

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer

In placental mammals, the yolk sac

In an egg cell treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions, the

A human blastomere is

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

Select the choice that correctly associates the organ with its embryonic sources.

Compared to sea urchin eggs, those of mammals

The earliest developmental stage among these choices is

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

In all vertebrate animals, development requires

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Human trophoblasts

A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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