Question 1

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Accepted Answer

A) B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B) B cells release cytokines. 
C) helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D) helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E) helper T cells release cytokines. 
A) B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B) B cells release cytokines. 
C) helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D) helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E) helper T cells release cytokines.

Question 2

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

Accepted Answer

A) alternative splicing of exons after transcription. 
B) increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules. 
C) DNA rearrangements. 
D) rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells. 
E) crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I. 
A) alternative splicing of exons after transcription. 
B) increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules. 
C) DNA rearrangements. 
D) rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells. 
E) crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I.

Question 3

Inflammatory responses typically include

Accepted Answer

A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow. 
A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

Question 4

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

Accepted Answer

A) the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions. 
B) disulphide bridges between the antigens. 
C) complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E) denaturation of the antibodies. 
A) the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions. 
B) disulphide bridges between the antigens. 
C) complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E) denaturation of the antibodies.

Question 5

Adaptive immunity depends on

Accepted Answer

A) traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B) pathogen-specific recognition. 
C) maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D) plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E) having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses. 
A) traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B) pathogen-specific recognition. 
C) maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D) plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E) having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses.

Question 6

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

Accepted Answer

A) the disulphide bridge 
B) the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D) the light-chain constant regions only 
E) the tail 
A) the disulphide bridge 
B) the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D) the light-chain constant regions only 
E) the tail

Question 7

Final exams are around the corner, and you have been studying late every night and up again early in the morning. You are anxious and stressed because you really want to achieve an A+ in your biology course. The day before the final exam, you begin to feel fatigued and have a sore throat. All of the following are potential reasons that you are becoming ill except

Accepted Answer

A) lack of rest. 
B) poor nutrition. 
C) increased stress level. 
D) immune system disruption. 
E) moderate exercise. 
A) lack of rest. 
B) poor nutrition. 
C) increased stress level. 
D) immune system disruption. 
E) moderate exercise.

Question 8

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

Accepted Answer

A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 9

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Accepted Answer

A) redness and heat only. 
B) swelling only. 
C) pain. 
D) redness, heat, and swelling. 
E) all of the signs of a major infection. 
A) redness and heat only. 
B) swelling only. 
C) pain. 
D) redness, heat, and swelling. 
E) all of the signs of a major infection.

Question 10

Assume that a DGS-like phenotype was produced in a specific "gene-knockout" mouse, one lacking expression of HA3, a Hox gene known to be involved in developmental regulation in the mouse. The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

Accepted Answer

A) a bone marrow biopsy. 
B) an assay for environmental agents known to cause birth defects. 
C) a chest X-ray. 
D) the measurement of the proportion of CD4 cells to total lymphocytes. 
E) an autopsy examination of the adrenal glands. 
A) a bone marrow biopsy. 
B) an assay for environmental agents known to cause birth defects. 
C) a chest X-ray. 
D) the measurement of the proportion of CD4 cells to total lymphocytes. 
E) an autopsy examination of the adrenal glands.

Question 11

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

Accepted Answer

A) the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous.

Question 12

Acidity in human urine is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) cell-mediated immune responses. 
B) antibody activation. 
C) acquired immunity. 
D) adaptive immunity. 
E) innate immunity. 
A) cell-mediated immune responses. 
B) antibody activation. 
C) acquired immunity. 
D) adaptive immunity. 
E) innate immunity.

Question 13

This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends.

Accepted Answer

A) innate immunity 
B) active immunity 
C) passive immunity 
D) cell-mediated immunity 
E) adaptive immunity 
A) innate immunity 
B) active immunity 
C) passive immunity 
D) cell-mediated immunity 
E) adaptive immunity

Question 14

Immunological memory accounts for

Accepted Answer

A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E) the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens. 
A) the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. 
B) the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others. 
C) the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. 
D) the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. 
E) the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens.

Question 15

An epitope is

Accepted Answer

A) part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. 
B) a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. 
C) two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. 
D) that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. 
E) a mirror image of an antigen. 
A) part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. 
B) a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. 
C) two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. 
D) that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. 
E) a mirror image of an antigen.

Question 16

The complement system is

Accepted Answer

A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes. 
A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes.

Question 17

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

Accepted Answer

A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells. 
A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells.

Question 18

The lymphatic fluid

Accepted Answer

A) is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine. 
B) is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C) carries both red and white blood cells. 
D) functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E) carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells. 
A) is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine. 
B) is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C) carries both red and white blood cells. 
D) functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E) carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells.

Question 19

Clonal selection implies that

Accepted Answer

A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C) only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to. 
A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C) only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

Question 20

A booster shot of the tetanus vaccine is required every 10 years because

Accepted Answer

A) secondary exposure is necessary for immunological memory. 
B) memory cells are apoptotic following infection. 
C) the primary immune response is slow. 
D) memory cells specific for the tetanus toxin do not last longer than a decade. 
E) the tetanus toxin has grown resistant to previous vaccines. 
A) secondary exposure is necessary for immunological memory. 
B) memory cells are apoptotic following infection. 
C) the primary immune response is slow. 
D) memory cells specific for the tetanus toxin do not last longer than a decade. 
E) the tetanus toxin has grown resistant to previous vaccines.

Exam 43: The Immune System

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

Inflammatory responses typically include

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

Adaptive immunity depends on

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Assume that a DGS-like phenotype was produced in a specific "gene-knockout" mouse, one lacking expression of HA3, a Hox gene known to be involved in developmental regulation in the mouse. The phenotype of the HA3 knockout can be ascertained by

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

Acidity in human urine is an example of

This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends.

Immunological memory accounts for

An epitope is

The complement system is

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

The lymphatic fluid

Clonal selection implies that

A booster shot of the tetanus vaccine is required every 10 years because

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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