Question 1

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

Accepted Answer

A) acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens. 
A) acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens.

Question 2

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

Accepted Answer

A) its plasma cells. 
B) its immunoglobulins. 
C) its antibodies. 
D) its antimicrobial peptides. 
E) its B cells. 
A) its plasma cells. 
B) its immunoglobulins. 
C) its antibodies. 
D) its antimicrobial peptides. 
E) its B cells.

Question 3

Infection with HIV typically

Accepted Answer

A) increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B) eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C) leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D) alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E) is found in B cells but not in T cells. 
A) increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B) eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C) leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D) alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E) is found in B cells but not in T cells.

Question 4

The primary function of humoral immunity is

Accepted Answer

A) to defend against fungi and protozoa. 
B) to reject transplanted tissues. 
C) to protect the body against cells that become cancerous. 
D) to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. 
E) to defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells. 
A) to defend against fungi and protozoa. 
B) to reject transplanted tissues. 
C) to protect the body against cells that become cancerous. 
D) to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. 
E) to defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.

Question 5

Several strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV)can cause cervical cancer in some women. In 2006, a vaccine against several of the cancer-causing HPV strains was released. If a mutation occurs in the virus resulting in antigenic variation, the vaccine may no longer be effective because

Accepted Answer

A) the presented antigens will no longer be able to bind to mast cells. 
B) effector cells produced by the vaccine do not recognize the new strain. 
C) memory cells produced by the vaccine do not recognize the new strain. 
D) the cell wall of the new virus is impermeable to the vaccine. 
E) the new virus is drug-resistant. 
A) the presented antigens will no longer be able to bind to mast cells. 
B) effector cells produced by the vaccine do not recognize the new strain. 
C) memory cells produced by the vaccine do not recognize the new strain. 
D) the cell wall of the new virus is impermeable to the vaccine. 
E) the new virus is drug-resistant.

Question 6

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

Accepted Answer

A) the set of antibodies produced 
B) the set of MHC molecules produced 
C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D) the susceptibility to a particular virus 
E) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive 
A) the set of antibodies produced 
B) the set of MHC molecules produced 
C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D) the susceptibility to a particular virus 
E) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

Question 7

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time. 
A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time.

Question 8

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumours, are

Accepted Answer

A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells. 
A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells.

Question 9

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells.

Question 10

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

Accepted Answer

A) a vaccine. 
B) complement. 
C) sterile pollen. 
D) antihistamines. 
E) monoclonal antibodies. 
A) a vaccine. 
B) complement. 
C) sterile pollen. 
D) antihistamines. 
E) monoclonal antibodies.

Question 11

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Accepted Answer

A) plasma cell. 
B) cytotoxic T cell. 
C) natural killer cell. 
D) CD8 cell. 
E) helper T cell. 
A) plasma cell. 
B) cytotoxic T cell. 
C) natural killer cell. 
D) CD8 cell. 
E) helper T cell.

Question 12

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

Accepted Answer

A) in the way they are produced. 
B) in their heavy-chain structure. 
C) in the type of cell that produces them. 
D) by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E) by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have. 
A) in the way they are produced. 
B) in their heavy-chain structure. 
C) in the type of cell that produces them. 
D) by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E) by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have.

Question 13

A patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common?

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in cytotoxic T cell number 
B) suffering from anaphylactic shock 
C) risking development of an autoimmune disease 
D) suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity 
E) an increase in the levels of IgE 
A) an increase in cytotoxic T cell number 
B) suffering from anaphylactic shock 
C) risking development of an autoimmune disease 
D) suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity 
E) an increase in the levels of IgE

Question 14

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Accepted Answer

A) Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B) memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C) plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) humoral immune responses. 
A) Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B) memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C) plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) humoral immune responses.

Question 15

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Accepted Answer

A) cytotoxic T cells 
B) natural killer cells 
C) helper T cells 
D) macrophages 
E) B cells 
A) cytotoxic T cells 
B) natural killer cells 
C) helper T cells 
D) macrophages 
E) B cells

Question 16

Use the following graph to answer the questions below.
  
-According to the graph, naive B cells will produce effector cells

Accepted Answer

A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 0 and 7 days and between 7 and 14 days. 
E) between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 0 and 7 days and between 7 and 14 days. 
E) between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 17

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

Accepted Answer

A) distinguish self from nonself. 
B) recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C) identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D) identify specific viruses. 
E) recognize differences among types of cancer. 
A) distinguish self from nonself. 
B) recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C) identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D) identify specific viruses. 
E) recognize differences among types of cancer.

Question 18

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a famous study, women were asked to smell and rate the attractiveness of axillary odours on t-shirts worn by different men. Results showed that ovulating women preferred the odour of the t-shirts worn by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) dissimilar men. This indicates that dissimilarity in MHC may play a role in mate selection.
-The purpose of an MHC molecule is to

Accepted Answer

A) display an antigen fragment on the cell surface. 
B) engulf the presented pathogen. 
C) release enzymes to catalyze apoptosis. 
D) trigger lymphocyte proliferation. 
E) secrete cytokines. 
A) display an antigen fragment on the cell surface. 
B) engulf the presented pathogen. 
C) release enzymes to catalyze apoptosis. 
D) trigger lymphocyte proliferation. 
E) secrete cytokines.

Question 19

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

Accepted Answer

A) complement. 
B) lysozyme. 
C) mucus. 
D) neutrophils. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) complement. 
B) lysozyme. 
C) mucus. 
D) neutrophils. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 20

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

Accepted Answer

A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C) a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient. 
A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C) a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

Exam 43: The Immune System

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

Infection with HIV typically

The primary function of humoral immunity is

Several strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV)can cause cervical cancer in some women. In 2006, a vaccine against several of the cancer-causing HPV strains was released. If a mutation occurs in the virus resulting in antigenic variation, the vaccine may no longer be effective because

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumours, are

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

A patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common?

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Use the following graph to answer the questions below. -According to the graph, naive B cells will produce effector cells

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

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Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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