Question 1

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

Accepted Answer

A) the digestive system's opening. 
B) suspension-feeding devices. 
C) components of the jaw. 
D) gill slits for respiration. 
E) portions of the inner ear. 
A) the digestive system's opening. 
B) suspension-feeding devices. 
C) components of the jaw. 
D) gill slits for respiration. 
E) portions of the inner ear.

Question 2

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about

Accepted Answer

A) 6 million years ago. 
B) 1.6 million years ago. 
C) 195 000 years ago. 
D) 60 000 years ago. 
E) 16 000 years ago. 
A) 6 million years ago. 
B) 1.6 million years ago. 
C) 195 000 years ago. 
D) 60 000 years ago. 
E) 16 000 years ago.

Question 3

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Accepted Answer

A) a mineralized, bony skeleton 
B) opercula 
C) bony fin rays 
D) a spiral valve intestine 
E) a swim bladder 
A) a mineralized, bony skeleton 
B) opercula 
C) bony fin rays 
D) a spiral valve intestine 
E) a swim bladder

Question 4

Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs?

Accepted Answer

A) presence of a large, heavily keratinized beak 
B) absence of a urinary bladder 
C) presence of a carina (keel) 
D) number of chambers in the heart 
E) presence of large pectoral muscles 
A) presence of a large, heavily keratinized beak 
B) absence of a urinary bladder 
C) presence of a carina (keel) 
D) number of chambers in the heart 
E) presence of large pectoral muscles

Question 5

Which characteristic of monotremes is ancestral to amniotes?

Accepted Answer

A) produce milk 
B) have hair 
C) lay eggs 
D) differentiated teeth 
E) are bilaterally symmetrical 
A) produce milk 
B) have hair 
C) lay eggs 
D) differentiated teeth 
E) are bilaterally symmetrical

Question 6

Which of the following statements about human evolution is a common misconception?

Accepted Answer

A) Bipedalism evolved early in hominin history. 
B) Brains of hominins were small compared with those of Homo sapiens. 
C) Early hominins evolved from chimpanzees. 
D) Earliest hominins were small in size. 
E) At certain times, several species of hominins coexisted. 
A) Bipedalism evolved early in hominin history. 
B) Brains of hominins were small compared with those of Homo sapiens. 
C) Early hominins evolved from chimpanzees. 
D) Earliest hominins were small in size. 
E) At certain times, several species of hominins coexisted.

Question 7

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Accepted Answer

A) brain 
B) vertebrae 
C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord 
D) partial or complete skull 
E) bone 
A) brain 
B) vertebrae 
C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord 
D) partial or complete skull 
E) bone

Question 8

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

Accepted Answer

A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa. 
E) include only insectivores and herbivores. 
A) lack nipples. 
B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. 
C) lay eggs. 
D) are found in Australia and Africa. 
E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

Question 9

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary)in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

Accepted Answer

A) its heart 
B) its pectoral fins 
C) its lateral line system 
D) its caudal (tail)fin 
E) its opercula 
A) its heart 
B) its pectoral fins 
C) its lateral line system 
D) its caudal (tail)fin 
E) its opercula

Question 10

Which feature(s)allow(s)hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?

Accepted Answer

A) shivering 
B) fur 
C) fat layer below the skin 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Two of the options listed are correct. 
A) shivering 
B) fur 
C) fat layer below the skin 
D) All three of the options listed are correct. 
E) Two of the options listed are correct.

Question 11

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

Accepted Answer

A) reduced jawbones 
B) language 
C) bipedal locomotion 
D) the making of stone tools 
E) an enlarged brain 
A) reduced jawbones 
B) language 
C) bipedal locomotion 
D) the making of stone tools 
E) an enlarged brain

Question 12

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general)to least inclusive? (most specific). 1. lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4. osteichthyans
5. tetrapods

Accepted Answer

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 
A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

Question 13

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomus and physoclistus. The ancestral version is the physostomus version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistus version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.
-The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

Accepted Answer

A) effectively circulate its blood. 
B) be highly manoeuvrable. 
C) use its lateral line system. 
D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. 
E) not sink. 
A) effectively circulate its blood. 
B) be highly manoeuvrable. 
C) use its lateral line system. 
D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. 
E) not sink.

Question 14

If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1. teeth
2. contour feathers
3. wing claws
4. long tail with many vertebrae

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 1, 3, and 4

Question 15

The following questions refer to the description below.
While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-metre-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow).
-The adaptation of the body shape of snakes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle)is snakes' absence of limbs. If the "mystery organism" has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? 1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles
2. metanephridia
3. hydrostatic skeleton

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 
C) 1 and 3 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 3

Question 16

Which clade does not include humans?

Accepted Answer

A) synapsids 
B) lobe-fins 
C) diapsids 
D) craniates 
E) osteichthyans 
A) synapsids 
B) lobe-fins 
C) diapsids 
D) craniates 
E) osteichthyans

Question 17

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent)in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg
2. paired fins
3. jaws
4. swim bladder
5. four-chambered heart

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 
D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 
E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 
A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 
B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 
C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 
D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 
E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs?

Which characteristic of monotremes is ancestral to amniotes?

Which of the following statements about human evolution is a common misconception?

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary)in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

Which feature(s)allow(s)hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories?

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general)to least inclusive? (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1. teeth 2. contour feathers 3. wing claws 4. long tail with many vertebrae

Which clade does not include humans?

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent)in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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