Question 1

At 5, 10, and 15 hours in the graph below, which of the following statements should be true?

Accepted Answer

A) This fish is in the process of adding gas to its swim bladder. 
B) This fish is in the process of removing gas from its swim bladder. 
C) This fish has a swim bladder that is relatively full of gas. 
D) This fish has a swim bladder that contains relatively little gas. 
A) This fish is in the process of adding gas to its swim bladder. 
B) This fish is in the process of removing gas from its swim bladder. 
C) This fish has a swim bladder that is relatively full of gas. 
D) This fish has a swim bladder that contains relatively little gas.

Question 2

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

Accepted Answer

A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. 
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. 
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. 
D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. 
E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles. 
A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. 
B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. 
C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. 
D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. 
E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.

Question 3

What is a key factor in the evolution of jaws that led to the diversification of vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) enabled the development of the lateral line system 
B) enabled the vertebrates to break food into smaller pieces 
C) allowed the vertebrates to gulp air 
D) enabled vertebrates to feed on a large variety of different foods 
E) increased the complexity of the cranium 
A) enabled the development of the lateral line system 
B) enabled the vertebrates to break food into smaller pieces 
C) allowed the vertebrates to gulp air 
D) enabled vertebrates to feed on a large variety of different foods 
E) increased the complexity of the cranium

Question 4

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in sea water, are similar in this respect to certain species of

Accepted Answer

A) chondrichthyans. 
B) actinopterygians. 
C) lungfishes. 
D) coelacanths. 
E) hagfishes. 
A) chondrichthyans. 
B) actinopterygians. 
C) lungfishes. 
D) coelacanths. 
E) hagfishes.

Question 5

Regarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a

Accepted Answer

A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. 
B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. 
C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. 
D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder. 
A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. 
B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. 
C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. 
D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium?

Accepted Answer

A) hominoids 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates 
A) hominoids 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates

Question 7

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?

Accepted Answer

A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates 
A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates

Question 8

Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) ectothermy 
B) diaphragm 
C) shelled eggs 
D) keratinized skin 
E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size 
A) ectothermy 
B) diaphragm 
C) shelled eggs 
D) keratinized skin 
E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size

Question 9

Which of the following is not considered an adaptation that benefits flight in birds?

Accepted Answer

A) lack teeth 
B) small gonads, except during the breeding season 
C) no urinary bladder 
D) small pectoral muscles 
E) most species have one ovary 
A) lack teeth 
B) small gonads, except during the breeding season 
C) no urinary bladder 
D) small pectoral muscles 
E) most species have one ovary

Question 10

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

Accepted Answer

A) lizards 
B) crocodiles 
C) snakes 
D) birds 
E) tuataras 
A) lizards 
B) crocodiles 
C) snakes 
D) birds 
E) tuataras

Question 11

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish to which the hagfish was attached overboard, rather than having it for dinner?

Accepted Answer

A) It has mucus on its skin. 
B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. 
C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. 
D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it. 
A) It has mucus on its skin. 
B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. 
C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. 
D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it.

Question 12

Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places)with H. neanderthalensis?

Accepted Answer

A) H. erectus 
B) H. ergaster 
C) H. habilis 
D) H. sapiens 
A) H. erectus 
B) H. ergaster 
C) H. habilis 
D) H. sapiens

Question 13

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?

Accepted Answer

A) fingerprints 
B) enhanced depth perception 
C) shortened hind limbs 
D) opposable big toe 
E) repositioning of foramen magnum 
A) fingerprints 
B) enhanced depth perception 
C) shortened hind limbs 
D) opposable big toe 
E) repositioning of foramen magnum

Question 14

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

Accepted Answer

A) lampreys 
B) chondrichthyans 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lungfishes 
E) placoderms 
A) lampreys 
B) chondrichthyans 
C) ray-finned fishes 
D) lungfishes 
E) placoderms

Question 15

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below.
  
-Which number represents the birds?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 8 
E) 10, if it were at the end of a branch emerging from the dinosaurs 
A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 6 
D) 8 
E) 10, if it were at the end of a branch emerging from the dinosaurs

Question 16

In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis. If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the

Accepted Answer

A) liver of a shark. 
B) physoclistus swim bladder. 
C) physostomus swim bladder. 
D) lung of a lungfish. 
A) liver of a shark. 
B) physoclistus swim bladder. 
C) physostomus swim bladder. 
D) lung of a lungfish.

Question 17

When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks
2. quickly dies
3. oxygenates its blood less effectively

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 1 and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 3 
A) 1 only 
B) 2 only 
C) 3 only 
D) 1 and 3 
E) 1, 2, and 3

Question 18

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat. Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of panlike structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of?

Accepted Answer

A) skull, made of bone 
B) cranium, made of bone 
C) cranium, made of cartilage 
D) vertebral column, made of bone 
E) vertebral column, made of cartilage 
A) skull, made of bone 
B) cranium, made of bone 
C) cranium, made of cartilage 
D) vertebral column, made of bone 
E) vertebral column, made of cartilage

Question 19

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

Accepted Answer

A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. 
B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. 
C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. 
D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. 
E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food. 
A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. 
B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. 
C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. 
D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. 
E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

Question 20

Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent

Accepted Answer

A) the first chordates. 
B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. 
C) early craniates. 
D) marsupials. 
E) nontetrapod gnathostomes. 
A) the first chordates. 
B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. 
C) early craniates. 
D) marsupials. 
E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

At 5, 10, and 15 hours in the graph below, which of the following statements should be true?

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

What is a key factor in the evolution of jaws that led to the diversification of vertebrates?

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in sea water, are similar in this respect to certain species of

Regarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium?

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general)group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?

Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals?

Which of the following is not considered an adaptation that benefits flight in birds?

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places)with H. neanderthalensis?

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown below. -Which number represents the birds?

In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis. If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the

When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks 2. quickly dies 3. oxygenates its blood less effectively

Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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