Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo erectus?

Accepted Answer

A) Their fossils are not limited to Africa. 
B) On average, H. erectus had a smaller brain than H. habilis. 
C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans. 
D) H. erectus was not known to use tools. 
E) H. erectus evolved before H. habilis. 
A) Their fossils are not limited to Africa. 
B) On average, H. erectus had a smaller brain than H. habilis. 
C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans. 
D) H. erectus was not known to use tools. 
E) H. erectus evolved before H. habilis.

Question 2

Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general)to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes
2. hominins
3. Homo
4. anthropoids
5. primates

Accepted Answer

A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 
B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 
C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 
D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 
E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 
A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 
B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 
C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 
D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 
E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

Question 3

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS.
-Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behaviour can be most expected to favour the growth of this fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) southward migration during the winter 
B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation 
C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation 
D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation 
E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave 
A) southward migration during the winter 
B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation 
C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation 
D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation 
E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave

Question 4

Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?

Accepted Answer

A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates 
A) apes 
B) Homo 
C) anthropoids 
D) hominins 
E) primates

Question 5

Hagfish have slime glands that can produce large amounts of slime. What is an important function of slime production?

Accepted Answer

A) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, enabling it to swim faster and escape predators. 
B) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, so it slips out of a predator's grasp. 
C) The slime can coat the gills of predators and suffocate them. 
D) Slime clouds the water, allowing the hagfish time to escape. 
E) Slime is toxic and poisons the predator. 
A) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, enabling it to swim faster and escape predators. 
B) Slime makes the hagfish slippery, so it slips out of a predator's grasp. 
C) The slime can coat the gills of predators and suffocate them. 
D) Slime clouds the water, allowing the hagfish time to escape. 
E) Slime is toxic and poisons the predator.

Question 6

Which of the following are considered apes?

Accepted Answer

A) lorises 
B) New World monkeys 
C) Old World monkeys 
D) orangutans 
E) tarsiers 
A) lorises 
B) New World monkeys 
C) Old World monkeys 
D) orangutans 
E) tarsiers

Question 7

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

Accepted Answer

A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D) reptiles and mammals 
E) reptiles and amphibians 
A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D) reptiles and mammals 
E) reptiles and amphibians

Question 8

Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools?

Accepted Answer

A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens 
A) Australopithecus garhi 
B) H. erectus 
C) H. ergaster 
D) H. habilis 
E) H. sapiens

Question 9

We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from

Accepted Answer

A) ectoderm. 
B) endoderm. 
C) mesoderm. 
D) mesoglea. 
E) neurectoderm. 
A) ectoderm. 
B) endoderm. 
C) mesoderm. 
D) mesoglea. 
E) neurectoderm.

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Due to its system of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.
-If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs?

Accepted Answer

A) They must not belong to the respiratory system. 
B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. 
C) They cannot be sites of gas exchange between air and blood. 
D) They must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream. 
E) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs. 
A) They must not belong to the respiratory system. 
B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. 
C) They cannot be sites of gas exchange between air and blood. 
D) They must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream. 
E) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

Question 11

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

Accepted Answer

A) the appearance of jaws. 
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. 
C) feet with digits. 
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. 
E) the amniotic egg. 
A) the appearance of jaws. 
B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. 
C) feet with digits. 
D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. 
E) the amniotic egg.

Question 12

Rank the following fishes, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth)in the water column over the long term. 1. physoclistus fish
2. physostomus fish
3. chondrichthyan fish

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 2, 3 
B) 2, 3, 1 
C) 2, 1, 3 
D) 3, 1, 2 
E) 3, 2, 1 
A) 1, 2, 3 
B) 2, 3, 1 
C) 2, 1, 3 
D) 3, 1, 2 
E) 3, 2, 1

Question 13

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. 
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. 
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. 
D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. 
E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. 
A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. 
B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. 
C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. 
D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. 
E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the description below.
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
-Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing?

Accepted Answer

A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. 
B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. 
C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. 
D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish. 
A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. 
B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. 
C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. 
D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish.

Question 15

Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and the density of the fish?

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
E)    
A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
E)

Question 16

The reptile clade includes five, extant groups: tuataras, snakes and lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. When you compare current textbooks with older textbooks, you notice that in older textbooks, birds were not included with reptiles.
-Based on current research data on birds and reptiles, what would be the most obvious reason(s)for the earlier classification?

Accepted Answer

A) Birds are endotherms and the other lineages are ectotherms. 
B) Birds had feathers and could fly. 
C) Birds have no teeth and smaller skulls. 
D) Birds' eggs are very different from reptilian eggs. 
E) Both A and B are correct. 
A) Birds are endotherms and the other lineages are ectotherms. 
B) Birds had feathers and could fly. 
C) Birds have no teeth and smaller skulls. 
D) Birds' eggs are very different from reptilian eggs. 
E) Both A and B are correct.

Question 17

Vertebrates and tunicates share

Accepted Answer

A) jaws adapted for feeding. 
B) a high degree of cephalization. 
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. 
D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. 
E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. 
A) jaws adapted for feeding. 
B) a high degree of cephalization. 
C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. 
D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. 
E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

Question 18

What evolutionary innovation was of key significance in helping tetrapods reduce their dependence on aquatic environments?

Accepted Answer

A) larger limbs 
B) amniotic egg 
C) more efficient lungs 
D) faster speed 
E) teeth to defend themselves 
A) larger limbs 
B) amniotic egg 
C) more efficient lungs 
D) faster speed 
E) teeth to defend themselves

Question 19

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

Accepted Answer

A) the same as that occurring in fish gills 
B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae 
C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs 
D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills 
A) the same as that occurring in fish gills 
B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae 
C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs 
D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills

Question 20

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Accepted Answer

A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defence 
E) respiration 
A) reproduction 
B) feeding 
C) locomotion 
D) defence 
E) respiration

Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo erectus?

Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general)to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4. anthropoids 5. primates

Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?

Hagfish have slime glands that can produce large amounts of slime. What is an important function of slime production?

Which of the following are considered apes?

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools?

We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

Rank the following fishes, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth)in the water column over the long term. 1. physoclistus fish 2. physostomus fish 3. chondrichthyan fish

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct?

Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and the density of the fish?

Vertebrates and tunicates share

What evolutionary innovation was of key significance in helping tetrapods reduce their dependence on aquatic environments?

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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