Question 1

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall 
B) coenocytic hyphae 
C) flagellated spores 
D) formation of resistant zygosporangia 
E) parasitic lifestyle 
A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall 
B) coenocytic hyphae 
C) flagellated spores 
D) formation of resistant zygosporangia 
E) parasitic lifestyle

Question 2

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

Accepted Answer

A) basidiospores 
B) spores of ectomycorrhizae 
C) soredia 
D) yeasts 
E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants) 
A) basidiospores 
B) spores of ectomycorrhizae 
C) soredia 
D) yeasts 
E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi. Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes). They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites. They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans.
-The lifestyle of microsporidians is most similar to that of

Accepted Answer

A) scavengers. 
B) viruses. 
C) free-living yeasts. 
D) ectoparasites. 
A) scavengers. 
B) viruses. 
C) free-living yeasts. 
D) ectoparasites.

Question 4

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus
2. heterokaryotic cells
3. dikaryotic cells
4. cells with two diploid nuclei

Accepted Answer

A) 1 or 2 
B) 1 or 3 
C) 2 or 3 
D) 2 or 4 
E) 3 or 4 
A) 1 or 2 
B) 1 or 3 
C) 2 or 3 
D) 2 or 4 
E) 3 or 4

Question 5

In which of the following human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?

Accepted Answer

A) skin mycoses 
B) coccidiomycosis (lung infection) 
C) systemic (bloodborne)Candida infection 
D) Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels 
E) Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts 
A) skin mycoses 
B) coccidiomycosis (lung infection) 
C) systemic (bloodborne)Candida infection 
D) Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels 
E) Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts

Question 6

In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?

Accepted Answer

A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls 
B) pores in cross-walls 
C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons 
D) two nuclei 
E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells 
A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls 
B) pores in cross-walls 
C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons 
D) two nuclei 
E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells

Question 7

Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell?

Accepted Answer

A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. 
B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. 
C) It should be transcriptionally less active. 
D) It should have reduced motility. 
E) It should have a smaller nucleus. 
A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. 
B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. 
C) It should be transcriptionally less active. 
D) It should have reduced motility. 
E) It should have a smaller nucleus.

Question 8

Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable?

Accepted Answer

A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. 
B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the body's defences are at least temporarily overwhelmed. 
C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. 
D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defences are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. 
E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defences are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections. 
A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. 
B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the body's defences are at least temporarily overwhelmed. 
C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. 
D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defences are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. 
E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defences are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections.

Question 9

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that

Accepted Answer

A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. 
B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. 
C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. 
D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners. 
E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners. 
A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. 
B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. 
C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. 
D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners. 
E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.

Question 10

All fungi share which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A) symbiotic 
B) heterotrophic 
C) flagellated 
D) pathogenic 
E) act as decomposers 
A) symbiotic 
B) heterotrophic 
C) flagellated 
D) pathogenic 
E) act as decomposers

Question 11

The fact that infection by Bd causes lethargy in many infected amphibians can have what effect on efforts to accurately census the numbers of dead or dying amphibians at a particular time, in a particular habitat?

Accepted Answer

A) It can cause underestimation, due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. 
B) It can cause underestimation, due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians. 
C) It can cause overestimation, because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians. 
D) All three of the above statements are plausible. 
E) Two of the above statements are plausible. 
A) It can cause underestimation, due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. 
B) It can cause underestimation, due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians. 
C) It can cause overestimation, because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians. 
D) All three of the above statements are plausible. 
E) Two of the above statements are plausible.

Question 12

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees.
   
I.
   
II.
   
III.
   
IV.
-Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV

Question 13

If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner?

Accepted Answer

A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. 
B) It was probably a red alga. 
C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. 
D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. 
E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage. 
A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. 
B) It was probably a red alga. 
C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. 
D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. 
E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage.

Question 14

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees.
   
I.
   
II.
   
III.
   
IV.
-Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV

Question 15

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Accepted Answer

A) fungal haustoria 
B) soredia 
C) fungal enzymes 
D) increased oxygen levels 
E) larger bacterial populations 
A) fungal haustoria 
B) soredia 
C) fungal enzymes 
D) increased oxygen levels 
E) larger bacterial populations

Question 16

Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp
2. basidium
3. basidiospore
4. mycelium
5. gill

Accepted Answer

A) 4 → 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 
B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 5 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 
D) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 
E) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3 
A) 4 → 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 
B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 5 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 
D) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 
E) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3

Question 17

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection.
-If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids?

Accepted Answer

A) anaerobic chemoautotroph 
B) aerobic chemoautotroph 
C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph 
D) aerobic chemoheterotroph 
A) anaerobic chemoautotroph 
B) aerobic chemoautotroph 
C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph 
D) aerobic chemoheterotroph

Exam 31: Fungi

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei

In which of the following human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?

In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?

Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell?

Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable?

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that

All fungi share which of the following characteristics?

The fact that infection by Bd causes lethargy in many infected amphibians can have what effect on efforts to accurately census the numbers of dead or dying amphibians at a particular time, in a particular habitat?

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees. I. II. III. IV. -Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes?

If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner?

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees. I. II. III. IV. -Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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