Question 1

Lichens are older than plants. Is it possible that lichens were an important component in aiding the colonization of land by plants?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes; lichens could have floated in oceans and accidentally been washed up on land. 
B) Yes; lichens could have modified the rocks and soil in a similar way that they do today when they colonize areas disturbed by volcanic explosions and fires. 
C) No, because fungus and algae colonized land at different times. 
D) No, because the fungus component of lichens is not as old as algae. 
E) More experiments need to be done before we are sure. 
A) Yes; lichens could have floated in oceans and accidentally been washed up on land. 
B) Yes; lichens could have modified the rocks and soil in a similar way that they do today when they colonize areas disturbed by volcanic explosions and fires. 
C) No, because fungus and algae colonized land at different times. 
D) No, because the fungus component of lichens is not as old as algae. 
E) More experiments need to be done before we are sure.

Question 2

Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'

Accepted Answer

A) leaf mesophyll. 
B) stem apical meristems. 
C) root apical meristems 
D) xylem. 
E) waxy cuticle. 
A) leaf mesophyll. 
B) stem apical meristems. 
C) root apical meristems 
D) xylem. 
E) waxy cuticle.

Question 3

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

Accepted Answer

A) plants 
B) protists 
C) prokaryotes 
D) animals 
E) mutualistic fungi 
A) plants 
B) protists 
C) prokaryotes 
D) animals 
E) mutualistic fungi

Question 4

Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) presence of flagella 
B) zoospores 
C) autotrophic mode of nutrition 
D) cell walls of cellulose 
E) nucleotide sequences of several genes 
A) presence of flagella 
B) zoospores 
C) autotrophic mode of nutrition 
D) cell walls of cellulose 
E) nucleotide sequences of several genes

Question 5

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and

Accepted Answer

A) mosses. 
B) cyanobacteria. 
C) green algae. 
D) Three of these responses are correct. 
E) Two of these responses are correct. 
A) mosses. 
B) cyanobacteria. 
C) green algae. 
D) Three of these responses are correct. 
E) Two of these responses are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) ascospores 
B) basidiospores 
C) zygosporangia 
D) conidiophores 
E) ascocarps 
A) ascospores 
B) basidiospores 
C) zygosporangia 
D) conidiophores 
E) ascocarps

Question 7

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

A) pathogens 
B) endosymbioses 
C) endophytes 
D) lichens 
E) mycorrhizae 
A) pathogens 
B) endosymbioses 
C) endophytes 
D) lichens 
E) mycorrhizae

Question 8

-Both axes of the graph are linear. Thus, the shape of the line plotted on this graph most accurately depicts the

Accepted Answer

A) volume of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. 
B) surface area of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. 
C) volume of a cylinder as length, L, increases. 
D) surface area of a cylinder as length, L, increases. 
A) volume of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. 
B) surface area of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. 
C) volume of a cylinder as length, L, increases. 
D) surface area of a cylinder as length, L, increases.

Question 9

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A) desmosomes-tonoplasts 
B) gap junctions-plasmodesmata 
C) tight junctions-plastids 
D) centrioles-plastids 
E) flagella-central vacuoles 
A) desmosomes-tonoplasts 
B) gap junctions-plasmodesmata 
C) tight junctions-plastids 
D) centrioles-plastids 
E) flagella-central vacuoles

Question 10

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees.
   
I.
   
II.
   
III.
   
IV.
-Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV

Question 11

Arrange the following from largest to smallest. 1. ascospore
2. ascocarp
3. ascomycete
4. ascus

Accepted Answer

A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 
D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 
E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 
B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 
D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 
E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Question 12

Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
-What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore?

Accepted Answer

A) monoploid 
B) diploid 
C) triploid 
D) tetraploid 
E) polyploid 
A) monoploid 
B) diploid 
C) triploid 
D) tetraploid 
E) polyploid

Question 13

Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
-Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng)as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

A) double fertilization 
B) crossing over 
C) nondisjunction 
D) autopolyploidy 
E) S phase 
A) double fertilization 
B) crossing over 
C) nondisjunction 
D) autopolyploidy 
E) S phase

Question 14

A researcher took water in which a Jl population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test?

Accepted Answer

A) the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin 
B) the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin 
C) the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frog's skin 
D) the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells 
A) the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin 
B) the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin 
C) the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frog's skin 
D) the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells

Question 15

-Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic)must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favourable conditions for effective exchange?

Accepted Answer

A) a smaller unicellular yeast 
B) a larger unicellular yeast 
C) a shorter filamentous hypha 
D) a longer filamentous hypha 
A) a smaller unicellular yeast 
B) a larger unicellular yeast 
C) a shorter filamentous hypha 
D) a longer filamentous hypha

Question 16

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

Accepted Answer

A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. 
B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. 
C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. 
D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. 
A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. 
B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. 
C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. 
D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.

Question 17

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I?

Accepted Answer

A) mitosis 
B) plasmogamy 
C) crossing over 
D) binary fission 
E) karyogamy 
A) mitosis 
B) plasmogamy 
C) crossing over 
D) binary fission 
E) karyogamy

Question 18

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection.
-The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s)apply to Bd? 1. ectosymbionts
2. parasites
3. commensals
4. pathogens
5. endosymbionts

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 2, 3, and 5 
E) 2, 4, and 5 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 2, 3, and 5 
E) 2, 4, and 5

Question 19

Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia?

Accepted Answer

A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. 
B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. 
C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. 
D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. 
E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. 
A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. 
B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. 
C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. 
D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. 
E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae.

Question 20

Genetic variation in fungi occurs through

Accepted Answer

A) karyogamy. 
B) meiosis. 
C) plasmogamy. 
D) budding. 
E) A and B. 
A) karyogamy. 
B) meiosis. 
C) plasmogamy. 
D) budding. 
E) A and B.

Exam 31: Fungi

Lichens are older than plants. Is it possible that lichens were an important component in aiding the colonization of land by plants?

Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants'

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi?

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

-Both axes of the graph are linear. Thus, the shape of the line plotted on this graph most accurately depicts the

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?

The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees. I. II. III. IV. -Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?

Arrange the following from largest to smallest. 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus

-Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic)must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favourable conditions for effective exchange?

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I?

Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia?

Genetic variation in fungi occurs through

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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