Question 1

Which of the following is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?

Accepted Answer

A) End products of intestinal protein digestion 
B) Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices 
C) Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids attaches to ammonia 
D) Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon 
A) End products of intestinal protein digestion 
B) Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices 
C) Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids attaches to ammonia 
D) Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon

Question 2

An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing the:

Accepted Answer

A) gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed. 
B) excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juice. 
C) excessive loss of potassium promoting atony of the intestinal wall. 
D) loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed. 
A) gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed. 
B) excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juice. 
C) excessive loss of potassium promoting atony of the intestinal wall. 
D) loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed.

Question 3

The type of diarrhea that is a result of unhydrolyzed lactose is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) motility. 
B) osmotic. 
C) secretory. 
D) small-volume. 
A) motility. 
B) osmotic. 
C) secretory. 
D) small-volume.

Question 4

Eating behavior, energy metabolism, and body fat mass are regulated by the:

Accepted Answer

A) anterior pituitary. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) posterior pituitary. 
D) parietal lobe. 
A) anterior pituitary. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) posterior pituitary. 
D) parietal lobe.

Question 5

Chronic gastritis tends to occur in older adults and causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Reflux esophagitis may be defined as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) immune response to gastroesophageal reflux. 
B) inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux. 
C) congenital anomaly. 
D) secretory response to gastroesophageal reflux. 
A) immune response to gastroesophageal reflux. 
B) inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux. 
C) congenital anomaly. 
D) secretory response to gastroesophageal reflux.

Question 7

Ammonia formation may increase hepatic encephalopathy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Primary biliary cirrhosis can be a result of gallstones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Hepatic fat accumulation is seen in which form of cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Biliary 
B) Metabolic 
C) Postnecrotic 
D) Alcoholic 
A) Biliary 
B) Metabolic 
C) Postnecrotic 
D) Alcoholic

Question 10

The most common manifestation of portal hypertension induced splenomegaly is:

Accepted Answer

A) leukopenia. 
B) thrombocytopenia. 
C) erythrocytopenia. 
D) pancytopenia. 
A) leukopenia. 
B) thrombocytopenia. 
C) erythrocytopenia. 
D) pancytopenia.

Question 11

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are a result of:

Accepted Answer

A) an anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles causing shock. 
B) hemorrhage postoperatively in which a large volume of blood is lost, causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia. 
C) a concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, which causes hyperglycemia, resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock. 
D) a rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen. 
A) an anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles causing shock. 
B) hemorrhage postoperatively in which a large volume of blood is lost, causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia. 
C) a concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, which causes hyperglycemia, resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock. 
D) a rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen.

Question 12

After a gastrectomy, individuals develop anemia from deficiencies in iron, folate, and vitamin B₁₂.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

_____ vomiting is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the brainstem.

Accepted Answer

A) Retch 
B) Periodic 
C) Duodenal 
D) Projectile 
A) Retch 
B) Periodic 
C) Duodenal 
D) Projectile

Question 14

The cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction include:

Accepted Answer

A) constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation. 
B) acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating. 
C) colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting. 
D) excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia. 
A) constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation. 
B) acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating. 
C) colicky pain caused by distention followed by vomiting. 
D) excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia.

Exam 39: Alterations of Digestive Function

Which of the following is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?

An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing the:

The type of diarrhea that is a result of unhydrolyzed lactose is referred to as:

Eating behavior, energy metabolism, and body fat mass are regulated by the:

Chronic gastritis tends to occur in older adults and causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall.

Reflux esophagitis may be defined as a(n):

Ammonia formation may increase hepatic encephalopathy.

Primary biliary cirrhosis can be a result of gallstones.

Hepatic fat accumulation is seen in which form of cirrhosis?

The most common manifestation of portal hypertension induced splenomegaly is:

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are a result of:

After a gastrectomy, individuals develop anemia from deficiencies in iron, folate, and vitamin B₁₂.

_____ vomiting is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the brainstem.

The cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction include:

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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