Question 1

For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost, only one chromosome (allele) of the gene must be inactivated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Breast cancer cells metastasize to the bone because the chemokines released by the bone attract breast cells to it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Invasion is a prerequisite for metastasis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The major virus involved in cervical cancer is:

Accepted Answer

A) herpes simplex virus type 6. 
B) herpes simplex virus type 2. 
C) human papillomavirus. 
D) human immunodeficiency virus. 
A) herpes simplex virus type 6. 
B) herpes simplex virus type 2. 
C) human papillomavirus. 
D) human immunodeficiency virus.

Question 5

Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Proto-oncogene

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 6

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

A) Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent 
B) Because the first hit stops tissue growth and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth 
C) Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two hits to effect carcinogenesis 
D) Because the first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation 
A) Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent 
B) Because the first hit stops tissue growth and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth 
C) Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two hits to effect carcinogenesis 
D) Because the first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation

Question 7

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved.
-Breast

Accepted Answer

A) Pressure 
B) Stretching 
C) Obstruction 
D) Tissue destruction 
A) Pressure 
B) Stretching 
C) Obstruction 
D) Tissue destruction

Question 8

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

Accepted Answer

A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Oncogenes 
C) Tumor-suppressor genes 
D) Growth-promoting genes 
A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Oncogenes 
C) Tumor-suppressor genes 
D) Growth-promoting genes

Question 9

Match the description with its corresponding term.
-Anaplasia

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 
A) Loss of differentiation 
B) Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth 
C) Cells that vary in size and shape 
D) Unaltered normal allele 
E) Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 10

Interleukin is used as adjuvant therapy for a person with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.The goal of this type of therapy is to:

Accepted Answer

A) improve the cellular response to chemotherapy. 
B) enhance the immune response to tumor cells. 
C) reduce the metastasis of malignant cells. 
D) prevent bone marrow depression. 
A) improve the cellular response to chemotherapy. 
B) enhance the immune response to tumor cells. 
C) reduce the metastasis of malignant cells. 
D) prevent bone marrow depression.

Question 11

Direct invasion may be a part of the mechanism of local tumor spreading.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

Accepted Answer

A) They use it to repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth. 
B) They use it as an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division. 
C) They switch off the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely. 
D) They switch on the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely. 
A) They use it to repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth. 
B) They use it as an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division. 
C) They switch off the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely. 
D) They switch on the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely.

Question 13

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) in cell metastasis?

Accepted Answer

A) To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells 
B) To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells 
C) To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis 
D) To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels 
A) To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells 
B) To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells 
C) To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis 
D) To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels

Question 14

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood vessels 
B) Epithelial cells 
C) Connective tissue 
D) Glandular tissue 
A) Blood vessels 
B) Epithelial cells 
C) Connective tissue 
D) Glandular tissue

Question 15

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
-Angiogenesis

Accepted Answer

A) Cancer cell growth 
B) Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures 
C) Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen 
D) Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells 
E) Provides a framework to determine treatment 
A) Cancer cell growth 
B) Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures 
C) Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen 
D) Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells 
E) Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 16

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

Accepted Answer

A) Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes. 
B) The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off. 
C) Genetic amplification causes the growth. 
D) Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused. 
A) Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes. 
B) The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off. 
C) Genetic amplification causes the growth. 
D) Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.

Question 17

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost due to mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) Cells undergo apoptosis. 
B) Cells escape apoptosis. 
C) Cells receive less oxygen. 
D) Cells adhere more readily. 
A) Cells undergo apoptosis. 
B) Cells escape apoptosis. 
C) Cells receive less oxygen. 
D) Cells adhere more readily.

Question 18

The term neoplasm can refer to a benign tumor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

A) Papovaviruses, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses 
B) Retroviruses, papovaviruses, and adenoviruses 
C) Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and retroviruses 
D) Herpesviruses, retroviruses, and papovaviruses 
A) Papovaviruses, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses 
B) Retroviruses, papovaviruses, and adenoviruses 
C) Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and retroviruses 
D) Herpesviruses, retroviruses, and papovaviruses

Question 20

Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer.These findings support the notion that:

Accepted Answer

A) cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy. 
B) an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer. 
C) tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D) apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth. 
A) cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy. 
B) an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer. 
C) tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D) apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth.

Exam 11: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost, only one chromosome (allele) of the gene must be inactivated.

Breast cancer cells metastasize to the bone because the chemokines released by the bone attract breast cells to it.

Invasion is a prerequisite for metastasis.

The major virus involved in cervical cancer is:

Match the description with its corresponding term. -Proto-oncogene

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved. -Breast

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

Match the description with its corresponding term. -Anaplasia

Interleukin is used as adjuvant therapy for a person with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.The goal of this type of therapy is to:

Direct invasion may be a part of the mechanism of local tumor spreading.

How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) in cell metastasis?

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms. -Angiogenesis

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost due to mutation?

The term neoplasm can refer to a benign tumor.

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer.These findings support the notion that:

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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