Question 1

For which type of research studies would the nurse researcher develop research questions rather than hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimental studies 
B)  Exploratory studies 
C)  Correlational studies 
D)  Predictive studies 
A)  Experimental studies 
B)  Exploratory studies 
C)  Correlational studies 
D)  Predictive studies

Question 2

Which title is most indicative of a longitudinal study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Effect of prenatal parenting classes on maternal-infant bonding in the early postpartum period 
B)  Change in self-esteem over time among women participating in a weight-loss support group 
C)  Relationship between self-esteem and successful breastfeeding at 1 month after birth 
D)  Women's appraisal of the diagnosis of breast cancer within the first 48 hours after initial cancer diagnosis 
A)  Effect of prenatal parenting classes on maternal-infant bonding in the early postpartum period 
B)  Change in self-esteem over time among women participating in a weight-loss support group 
C)  Relationship between self-esteem and successful breastfeeding at 1 month after birth 
D)  Women's appraisal of the diagnosis of breast cancer within the first 48 hours after initial cancer diagnosis

Question 3

What techniques could a nurse researcher use to establish predictive links between nonmanipulated variables? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Data analysis 
B)  Causal modeling 
C)  t testing 
D)  Chi square 
E)  Model testing 
A)  Data analysis 
B)  Causal modeling 
C)  t testing 
D)  Chi square 
E)  Model testing

Question 4

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  A causal relationship can be determined. 
B)  Greater manipulation of the variables is possible. 
C)  Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability. 
D)  There is potential application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies. 
A)  A causal relationship can be determined. 
B)  Greater manipulation of the variables is possible. 
C)  Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability. 
D)  There is potential application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies.

Question 5

What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Is there an independent variable? 
B)  What is the nature of the problem being studied? 
C)  Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed? 
D)  Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data? 
A)  Is there an independent variable? 
B)  What is the nature of the problem being studied? 
C)  Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed? 
D)  Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data?

Question 6

What features will identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  A description of how the tool's items were formulated 
B)  A description of the experimental treatment 
C)  A clear definition of how the construct was measured 
D)  A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity 
E)  A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable 
A)  A description of how the tool's items were formulated 
B)  A description of the experimental treatment 
C)  A clear definition of how the construct was measured 
D)  A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity 
E)  A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable

Question 7

A nurse researcher seeking level I evidence to guide clinical practice will search for what kind of studies,designs,and methods? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Descriptive studies 
B)  Randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCCTs) 
C)  Correlational designs 
D)  Meta-analyses 
E)  Qualitative designs 
A)  Descriptive studies 
B)  Randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCCTs) 
C)  Correlational designs 
D)  Meta-analyses 
E)  Qualitative designs

Question 8

When can study participants serve as their own controls,allowing early trends in the data to emerge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Ex post facto 
C)  Retrospective 
D)  Longitudinal 
A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Ex post facto 
C)  Retrospective 
D)  Longitudinal

Question 9

Which title is most suggestive of a descriptive study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Characterization of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy 
B)  The lived experience of liver transplantation among older white men 
C)  Effect of virtual reality as a distraction intervention for adolescents undergoing chemotherapy 
D)  Correlation between current income level and self-esteem among newly widowed women 
A)  Characterization of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy 
B)  The lived experience of liver transplantation among older white men 
C)  Effect of virtual reality as a distraction intervention for adolescents undergoing chemotherapy 
D)  Correlation between current income level and self-esteem among newly widowed women

Question 10

In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer,data-collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer.What type of study design does this exemplify?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Retrospective 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Correlational 
A)  Cross-sectional 
B)  Retrospective 
C)  Longitudinal 
D)  Correlational

Question 11

Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  More than one group can be compared. 
B)  Only descriptive data can be measured. 
C)  Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively. 
D)  Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously. 
A)  More than one group can be compared. 
B)  Only descriptive data can be measured. 
C)  Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively. 
D)  Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.

Question 12

In what way are studies involving meta-analysis and secondary analysis similar?

Accepted Answer

A)  Causality is easily determined. 
B)  The researcher does not directly collect the data. 
C)  There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the variables. 
D)  Issues of maturation and mortality are heightened as threats to internal validity. 
A)  Causality is easily determined. 
B)  The researcher does not directly collect the data. 
C)  There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the variables. 
D)  Issues of maturation and mortality are heightened as threats to internal validity.

Question 13

What are some advantages to use of correlational design for a study? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Efficiency and effectiveness in data collection 
B)  Flexibility for investigating complex relationships 
C)  Multivariate manipulation of variables 
D)  Strong potential for clinical ( real-world ) application 
E)  Increased potential for generalizability 
A)  Efficiency and effectiveness in data collection 
B)  Flexibility for investigating complex relationships 
C)  Multivariate manipulation of variables 
D)  Strong potential for clinical ( real-world ) application 
E)  Increased potential for generalizability

Question 14

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study?

Accepted Answer

A)  It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem. 
B)  Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed and have been determined to be valid and reliable. 
C)  Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs. 
D)  It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable. 
A)  It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem. 
B)  Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed and have been determined to be valid and reliable. 
C)  Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs. 
D)  It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable.

Question 15

Which type of design would be most appropriate to forecast the effects of psychoeducational interventions on psychological adaptation of women diagnosed with breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlational 
B)  Prediction 
C)  Descriptive 
D)  Ex post facto 
A)  Correlational 
B)  Prediction 
C)  Descriptive 
D)  Ex post facto

Question 16

Why would a nurse researcher decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue. 
B)  There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable. 
C)  The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine the effect of maturation. 
D)  The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable. 
A)  Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue. 
B)  There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable. 
C)  The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine the effect of maturation. 
D)  The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.

Question 17

Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data analysis is limited. 
B)  Information collected is relatively superficial. 
C)  Results are never applicable beyond the study population. 
D)  More subjects are required to reach statistical significance than for other study designs. 
A)  Data analysis is limited. 
B)  Information collected is relatively superficial. 
C)  Results are never applicable beyond the study population. 
D)  More subjects are required to reach statistical significance than for other study designs.

Question 18

How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation. 
B)  Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental designs manipulate the independent variable. 
C)  Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships. 
D)  Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no scientific base. 
A)  Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation. 
B)  Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental designs manipulate the independent variable. 
C)  Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships. 
D)  Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no scientific base.

Question 19

Which threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Instrumentation effects 
B)  Mortality effects 
C)  History effects 
D)  Selection bias 
A)  Instrumentation effects 
B)  Mortality effects 
C)  History effects 
D)  Selection bias

For which type of research studies would the nurse researcher develop research questions rather than hypotheses?

Which title is most indicative of a longitudinal study?

What techniques could a nurse researcher use to establish predictive links between nonmanipulated variables? (Select all that apply.)

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables?

What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study?

What features will identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)

A nurse researcher seeking level I evidence to guide clinical practice will search for what kind of studies,designs,and methods? (Select all that apply.)

When can study participants serve as their own controls,allowing early trends in the data to emerge?

Which title is most suggestive of a descriptive study?

In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer,data-collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer.What type of study design does this exemplify?

Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?

In what way are studies involving meta-analysis and secondary analysis similar?

What are some advantages to use of correlational design for a study? (Select all that apply.)

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study?

Which type of design would be most appropriate to forecast the effects of psychoeducational interventions on psychological adaptation of women diagnosed with breast cancer?

Why would a nurse researcher decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study?

Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?

How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?

Which threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?

Integrating the Processes of Research and Evidence-Based Practice

Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions

Gathering and Appraising the Literature

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Qualitative Approaches to Research

Appraising Qualitative Research

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Sampling

Legal and Ethical Issues

Data-Collection Methods

Reliability and Validity

Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Understanding Research Findings

Appraising Quantitative Research

Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Tools for Applying Evidence to Practice

Filters

Exam 9: Nonexperimental Designs

For which type of research studies would the nurse researcher develop research questions rather than hypotheses?

Which title is most indicative of a longitudinal study?

What techniques could a nurse researcher use to establish predictive links between nonmanipulated variables? (Select all that apply.)

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables?

What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study?

What features will identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)

A nurse researcher seeking level I evidence to guide clinical practice will search for what kind of studies,designs,and methods? (Select all that apply.)

When can study participants serve as their own controls,allowing early trends in the data to emerge?

Which title is most suggestive of a descriptive study?

In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer,data-collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer.What type of study design does this exemplify?

Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?

In what way are studies involving meta-analysis and secondary analysis similar?

What are some advantages to use of correlational design for a study? (Select all that apply.)

Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study?

Which type of design would be most appropriate to forecast the effects of psychoeducational interventions on psychological adaptation of women diagnosed with breast cancer?

Why would a nurse researcher decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study?

Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?

How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?

Which threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?

Integrating the Processes of Research and Evidence-Based Practice

Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions

Gathering and Appraising the Literature

Introduction to Qualitative Research

Qualitative Approaches to Research

Appraising Qualitative Research

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Sampling

Legal and Ethical Issues

Data-Collection Methods

Reliability and Validity

Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Understanding Research Findings

Appraising Quantitative Research

Developing an Evidence-Based Practice

Tools for Applying Evidence to Practice

Filters