Exam 14: Energy Balance, Physical Activity

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult Americans has decreased by 25% in the last 20 years.

Neuropeptide Y is a powerful appetite-stimulating hormone (and slows energy output) produced in the stomach and small intestine.

Body fat losses of up to 2 pounds (0.9 kg) each week fall within acceptable limits, but this steady weekly weight loss weekly is more desirable.

Increasing physical activity exerts a considerable influence in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease and a more moderate effect on diabetes risk in those who are obese.

"South Beach" diet.

The low body fat levels of marathon runners, ranging from 1% to 8% of body weight, probably reflect an adaptation to long-term training for distance running and a reduced energy intake relative to energy output from intense training.

According to developmental programming theory, environmental experiences in the womb and immediately after birth can impact and subsequently alter __________.

Total daily energy expenditure largely depends on level of resting metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food ingestion.

The storage of excess calories as fat occurs only when caloric intake from food exceed daily energy needs.

Increases in obesity worldwide have contributed to the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Increase in a muscle's metabolic activity stimulates relatively greater fat mobilization from the adipose tissue in proximity to the active muscle.

__________ metabolism decreases when food restriction progressively produces weight loss.

Body weight should be viewed as the end result of complex interactions between __________.

A child or adolescent with a high BMI percentile ranking shows a significant risk of being overweight or obese at age 35.

Atkins "diet revolution" diet represents a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, or high-protein food plan generates excess __________, by-products of incomplete __________ from inadequate carbohydrate catabolism.

Overfatness refers to a condition where body fat exceeds an age- and/or gender-appropriate average by a predetermined amount.

The new weight-loss model relies on controlled feeding studies that show a "metabolic slowdown" and loss of weight directly contribute to increased energy expended in physical activity.

Muscle fiber type, genetics, body size, and previous training experience affect the magnitude of lean tissue synthesis with resistance training in men and women.

Inappropriate strategies for weight loss can increase impaired physiologic function and exercise performance.

Age-trend data indicate that men and women lose weight as they grow older throughout middle age.