Question 1

A compensation for shock would include:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased heart rate and oliguria. 
B)  lethargy and decreased responsiveness. 
C)  warm, dry, flushed skin. 
D)  weak, thready pulse. 
A)  increased heart rate and oliguria. 
B)  lethargy and decreased responsiveness. 
C)  warm, dry, flushed skin. 
D)  weak, thready pulse.

Question 2

Cyanosis occurs in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:

Accepted Answer

A)  more carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood. 
B)  a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated. 
C)  the pulmonary circulation is overloaded and congested. 
D)  the circulation is sluggish (slow) throughout the system. 
A)  more carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood. 
B)  a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated. 
C)  the pulmonary circulation is overloaded and congested. 
D)  the circulation is sluggish (slow) throughout the system.

Question 3

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Accepted Answer

A)  brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing. 
B)  persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse. 
C)  bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea. 
D)  flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness. 
A)  brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing. 
B)  persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse. 
C)  bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea. 
D)  flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

Question 4

The term preload refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  volume of venous return. 
B)  peripheral resistance. 
C)  stroke volume. 
D)  cardiac output. 
A)  volume of venous return. 
B)  peripheral resistance. 
C)  stroke volume. 
D)  cardiac output.

Question 5

Which of the following is a result of increased secretion of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased heart rate and force of contraction 
B)  Decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles 
C)  Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys 
D)  Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels 
A)  Increased heart rate and force of contraction 
B)  Decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles 
C)  Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys 
D)  Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 6

An incompetent mitral valve would cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased blood to remain in the right atrium. 
B)  hypertrophy of the right ventricle. 
C)  decreased output from the left ventricle. 
D)  decreased pressure in the left atrium. 
A)  increased blood to remain in the right atrium. 
B)  hypertrophy of the right ventricle. 
C)  decreased output from the left ventricle. 
D)  decreased pressure in the left atrium.

Question 7

The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand 
B)  A decreased circulating blood volume 
C)  Missing a ventricular contraction 
D)  The cessation of all cardiac function 
A)  Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand 
B)  A decreased circulating blood volume 
C)  Missing a ventricular contraction 
D)  The cessation of all cardiac function

Question 8

Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:

Accepted Answer

A)  slow cardiac contractions. 
B)  increased renin and aldosterone secretions. 
C)  decreased erythropoietin secretion. 
D)  fatigue and cold intolerance. 
A)  slow cardiac contractions. 
B)  increased renin and aldosterone secretions. 
C)  decreased erythropoietin secretion. 
D)  fatigue and cold intolerance.

Question 9

Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Furosemide 
B)  Digoxin 
C)  Epinephrine 
D)  Nifedipine 
A)  Furosemide 
B)  Digoxin 
C)  Epinephrine 
D)  Nifedipine

Question 10

When stroke volume decreases, which of the following could maintain cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased peripheral resistance 
B)  Increased heart rate 
C)  Decreased venous return 
D)  General vasodilation 
A)  Decreased peripheral resistance 
B)  Increased heart rate 
C)  Decreased venous return 
D)  General vasodilation

Question 11

A friction rub is associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)  infectious endocarditis. 
B)  arrhythmias. 
C)  pericarditis. 
D)  an incompetent aortic valve. 
A)  infectious endocarditis. 
B)  arrhythmias. 
C)  pericarditis. 
D)  an incompetent aortic valve.

Question 12

Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  arthritis, causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet. 
B)  erythematous skin rash and subcutaneous nodules. 
C)  epistaxis, tachycardia, and fever. 
D)  elevated ASO titer and leukocytosis. 
A)  arthritis, causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet. 
B)  erythematous skin rash and subcutaneous nodules. 
C)  epistaxis, tachycardia, and fever. 
D)  elevated ASO titer and leukocytosis.

Question 13

The cardiac reserve is:

Accepted Answer

A)  afterload. 
B)  the difference between the apical and radial pulses. 
C)  the ability of the heart to increase cardiac output when needed. 
D)  the extra blood remaining in the heart after it contracts. 
A)  afterload. 
B)  the difference between the apical and radial pulses. 
C)  the ability of the heart to increase cardiac output when needed. 
D)  the extra blood remaining in the heart after it contracts.

Question 14

The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is:

Accepted Answer

A)  an imbalance in calcium ions. 
B)  an infection of the heart muscle. 
C)  atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus. 
D)  a disruption of the heart conduction system. 
A)  an imbalance in calcium ions. 
B)  an infection of the heart muscle. 
C)  atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus. 
D)  a disruption of the heart conduction system.

Question 15

Vasodilation in the skin and viscera results directly from:

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased blood pressure. 
B)  increased parasympathetic stimulation. 
C)  relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles. 
D)  increased stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. 
A)  decreased blood pressure. 
B)  increased parasympathetic stimulation. 
C)  relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles. 
D)  increased stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Question 16

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation?
1) Decreased viscosity of the blood
2) Damaged blood vessel walls
3) Immobility
4) Prosthetic valves

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 3 
B)  2, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  2, 3, 4 
A)  1, 3 
B)  2, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  2, 3, 4

Question 17

Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

A)  A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development 
B)  The presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides 
C)  Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG 
D)  Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein 
A)  A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development 
B)  The presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides 
C)  Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG 
D)  Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein

Question 18

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  eating a large meal. 
B)  engaging in an angry argument. 
C)  taking a nap. 
D)  shoveling snow on a cold, windy day. 
A)  eating a large meal. 
B)  engaging in an angry argument. 
C)  taking a nap. 
D)  shoveling snow on a cold, windy day.

Question 19

When is a diagnosis of essential hypertension likely to be considered in young or middle-aged individuals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood pressure remains consistently above 140/90 
B)  Blood pressure fluctuates between 130/85 and 180/105 
C)  Blood pressure increases rapidly and is unresponsive to medication 
D)  Chronic kidney disease leads to consistently elevated blood pressure 
A)  Blood pressure remains consistently above 140/90 
B)  Blood pressure fluctuates between 130/85 and 180/105 
C)  Blood pressure increases rapidly and is unresponsive to medication 
D)  Chronic kidney disease leads to consistently elevated blood pressure

Question 20

In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:

Accepted Answer

A)  distended neck veins. 
B)  feeding problems. 
C)  low-grade fever and lethargy. 
D)  frequent vomiting. 
A)  distended neck veins. 
B)  feeding problems. 
C)  low-grade fever and lethargy. 
D)  frequent vomiting.

Exam 12: Cardiovascular System Disorders

A compensation for shock would include:

Cyanosis occurs in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

The term preload refers to:

Which of the following is a result of increased secretion of epinephrine?

An incompetent mitral valve would cause:

The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?

Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:

Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?

When stroke volume decreases, which of the following could maintain cardiac output?

A friction rub is associated with:

Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following EXCEPT:

The cardiac reserve is:

The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is:

Vasodilation in the skin and viscera results directly from:

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation? 1) Decreased viscosity of the blood 2) Damaged blood vessel walls 3) Immobility 4) Prosthetic valves

Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:

When is a diagnosis of essential hypertension likely to be considered in young or middle-aged individuals?

In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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