Question 1

Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  reduced venous return. 
D)  friction rub. 
A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  reduced venous return. 
D)  friction rub.

Question 2

Pericarditis causes a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Delays in the conduction system, interfering with cardiac rhythm 
B)  Weak myocardial contractions due to friction rub 
C)  Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, which decreases ventricular filling 
D)  Incompetent valves, which allow regurgitation of blood 
A)  Delays in the conduction system, interfering with cardiac rhythm 
B)  Weak myocardial contractions due to friction rub 
C)  Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, which decreases ventricular filling 
D)  Incompetent valves, which allow regurgitation of blood

Question 3

The term intermittent claudication refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves. 
B)  chest pain related to ischemia. 
C)  ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise. 
D)  dry, cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers. 
A)  sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves. 
B)  chest pain related to ischemia. 
C)  ischemic muscle pain in the legs, particularly with exercise. 
D)  dry, cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers.

Question 4

The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is:

Accepted Answer

A)  trauma. 
B)  congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins. 
C)  infection. 
D)  increased venous pressure. 
A)  trauma. 
B)  congenital valve defect in the abdominal veins. 
C)  infection. 
D)  increased venous pressure.

Question 5

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) 
A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding aneurysms is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aneurysms are always caused by congenital malformations. 
B)  The greatest danger with aneurysms is thrombus formation. 
C)  Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures. 
D)  Aneurysms involve a defect in the tunica media of veins. 
A)  Aneurysms are always caused by congenital malformations. 
B)  The greatest danger with aneurysms is thrombus formation. 
C)  Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures. 
D)  Aneurysms involve a defect in the tunica media of veins.

Question 7

The outcome for many aortic aneurysms is:

Accepted Answer

A)  early diagnosis and repair. 
B)  thrombus formation and pulmonary embolus. 
C)  rupture and hemorrhage. 
D)  pressure on adjacent organs or structures. 
A)  early diagnosis and repair. 
B)  thrombus formation and pulmonary embolus. 
C)  rupture and hemorrhage. 
D)  pressure on adjacent organs or structures.

Question 8

What would indicate decompensated acidosis related to shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serum bicarbonate level below normal 
B)  PCO2 above normal 
C)  Serum pH below normal range 
D)  Urine pH of 4.5 
A)  Serum bicarbonate level below normal 
B)  PCO2 above normal 
C)  Serum pH below normal range 
D)  Urine pH of 4.5

Question 9

What are the early signs of circulatory shock?
1) Pale moist skin
2) Loss of consciousness
3) Anxiety and restlessness
4) Rapid strong pulse

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2 
B)  1, 3 
C)  1, 4 
D)  3, 4 
A)  1, 2 
B)  1, 3 
C)  1, 4 
D)  3, 4

Question 10

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance. 
B)  decreases serum lipid levels. 
C)  promotes platelet adhesion. 
D)  increases serum HDL levels. 
A)  reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance. 
B)  decreases serum lipid levels. 
C)  promotes platelet adhesion. 
D)  increases serum HDL levels.

Question 11

Pericarditis may be caused by:
1) infection.
2) abnormal immune responses.
3) injury.
4) malignant neoplasm.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2 
B)  3, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1, 2 
B)  3, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4

Question 12

Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:

Accepted Answer

A)  allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole. 
B)  cannot fully open during systole. 
C)  functions to increase stroke volume. 
D)  does not respond to the cardiac cycle. 
A)  allows blood to leak back into the left ventricle during diastole. 
B)  cannot fully open during systole. 
C)  functions to increase stroke volume. 
D)  does not respond to the cardiac cycle.

Question 13

The cause of essential hypertension is considered to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  chronic renal disease. 
B)  excessive intake of saturated fats and salt. 
C)  sedentary lifestyle. 
D)  idiopathic. 
A)  chronic renal disease. 
B)  excessive intake of saturated fats and salt. 
C)  sedentary lifestyle. 
D)  idiopathic.

Question 14

In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful because they:

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce renin and aldosterone secretion. 
B)  slow the heart rate. 
C)  strengthen myocardial contraction. 
D)  block arrhythmias. 
A)  reduce renin and aldosterone secretion. 
B)  slow the heart rate. 
C)  strengthen myocardial contraction. 
D)  block arrhythmias.

Question 15

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B)  It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C)  It is lined by the endocardium. 
D)  It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium. 
A)  It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B)  It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C)  It is lined by the endocardium. 
D)  It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium.

Question 16

Uncontrolled hypertension is most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye. 
B)  peripheral arteries in the legs. 
C)  aorta and coronary arteries. 
D)  liver, spleen, and stomach. 
A)  kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye. 
B)  peripheral arteries in the legs. 
C)  aorta and coronary arteries. 
D)  liver, spleen, and stomach.

Question 17

Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation. 
B)  Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium. 
C)  The ventricles contract before the atria. 
D)  Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node. 
A)  Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation. 
B)  Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium. 
C)  The ventricles contract before the atria. 
D)  Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.

Question 18

The event that causes the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is:

Accepted Answer

A)  atrial depolarization. 
B)  atrial repolarization. 
C)  ventricular depolarization. 
D)  ventricular repolarization. 
A)  atrial depolarization. 
B)  atrial repolarization. 
C)  ventricular depolarization. 
D)  ventricular repolarization.

Question 19

The classic early manifestation(s) of left-sided congestive heart failure is/are ____, whereas the early indicator(s) of right-sided failure is/are _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  palpitations and periodic chest pain; shortness of breath on exertion 
B)  swelling of the ankles and abdomen; chest pain 
C)  shortness of breath on exertion or lying down; swelling of the ankles 
D)  coughing up frothy sputum; hepatomegaly and splenomegaly 
A)  palpitations and periodic chest pain; shortness of breath on exertion 
B)  swelling of the ankles and abdomen; chest pain 
C)  shortness of breath on exertion or lying down; swelling of the ankles 
D)  coughing up frothy sputum; hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

Question 20

A common adverse effect of many antihypertensive medications is:

Accepted Answer

A)  orthostatic hypotension. 
B)  bradycardia. 
C)  altered blood coagulation. 
D)  peripheral edema. 
A)  orthostatic hypotension. 
B)  bradycardia. 
C)  altered blood coagulation. 
D)  peripheral edema.

Exam 12: Cardiovascular System Disorders

Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes:

Pericarditis causes a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

The term intermittent claudication refers to:

The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is:

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

Which of the following statements regarding aneurysms is true?

The outcome for many aortic aneurysms is:

What would indicate decompensated acidosis related to shock?

What are the early signs of circulatory shock? 1) Pale moist skin 2) Loss of consciousness 3) Anxiety and restlessness 4) Rapid strong pulse

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Pericarditis may be caused by: 1) infection. 2) abnormal immune responses. 3) injury. 4) malignant neoplasm.

Aortic stenosis means the aortic valve:

The cause of essential hypertension is considered to be:

In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful because they:

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity?

Uncontrolled hypertension is most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function in the:

Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?

The event that causes the QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is:

The classic early manifestation(s) of left-sided congestive heart failure is/are ____, whereas the early indicator(s) of right-sided failure is/are _______.

A common adverse effect of many antihypertensive medications is:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

Filters

The classic early manifestation(s) of left-sided congestive heart failure is/are , whereas the early indicator(s) of right-sided failure is/are ___.