Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true of the drug nitroglycerin?

Accepted Answer

A)  It decreases myocardial workload by causing systemic vasodilation. 
B)  It may be administered sublingually, transdermally, or by oral spray. 
C)  Dizziness or syncope may follow a sublingual dose. 
D)  It strengthens the myocardial contraction. 
A)  It decreases myocardial workload by causing systemic vasodilation. 
B)  It may be administered sublingually, transdermally, or by oral spray. 
C)  Dizziness or syncope may follow a sublingual dose. 
D)  It strengthens the myocardial contraction.

Question 2

Shock is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells. 
B)  general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs. 
C)  decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion. 
D)  loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia. 
A)  failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells. 
B)  general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs. 
C)  decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion. 
D)  loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia.

Question 3

A sign of aortic stenosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs. 
C)  flushed face and headache. 
D)  a heart murmur. 
A)  increased cardiac output. 
B)  congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs. 
C)  flushed face and headache. 
D)  a heart murmur.

Question 4

In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Veins of the legs and feet 
B)  Jugular veins 
C)  Pulmonary capillaries 
D)  Blood vessels of the liver and spleen 
A)  Veins of the legs and feet 
B)  Jugular veins 
C)  Pulmonary capillaries 
D)  Blood vessels of the liver and spleen

Question 5

Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by:

Accepted Answer

A)  fever and flushed face. 
B)  elevated blood pressure. 
C)  increased urinary output. 
D)  slow bounding pulse. 
A)  fever and flushed face. 
B)  elevated blood pressure. 
C)  increased urinary output. 
D)  slow bounding pulse.

Question 6

The function of the baroreceptors is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system at the sinoatrial (S
A)  node as needed. 
B)  adjust blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance. 
C)  sense a change in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. 
D)  signal the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure. 
A)  stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system at the sinoatrial (S
A)  node as needed. 
B)  adjust blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance. 
C)  sense a change in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. 
D)  signal the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure.

Question 7

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis. 
B)  Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time. 
C)  Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI. 
D)  Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not. 
A)  Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis. 
B)  Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time. 
C)  Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI. 
D)  Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

Question 8

Which statement applies to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

Accepted Answer

A)  It indicates decreased CO2 diffusion in the lungs. 
B)  It indicates swelling in the bronchioles and bronchi. 
C)  It is caused by increased blood in the lungs when lying in a supine position. 
D)  It results from pleural effusion. 
A)  It indicates decreased CO2 diffusion in the lungs. 
B)  It indicates swelling in the bronchioles and bronchi. 
C)  It is caused by increased blood in the lungs when lying in a supine position. 
D)  It results from pleural effusion.

Question 9

Confirmation of the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction would include:
1) specific changes in the ECG.
2) marked leukocytosis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
3) elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum.
4) a pattern of pain.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2 
B)  1, 3 
C)  2, 4 
D)  3, 4 
A)  1, 2 
B)  1, 3 
C)  2, 4 
D)  3, 4

Question 10

The right side of the heart would fail first in the case of:
1) severe mitral valve stenosis.
2) uncontrolled essential hypertension.
3) large infarction in the right ventricle.
4) advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 4 
D)  3, 4 
A)  1, 2 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 4 
D)  3, 4

Question 11

Shock follows a myocardial infarction when:

Accepted Answer

A)  the stress response causes general vasodilation. 
B)  fluid is lost into ischemic tissues. 
C)  heart valves are damaged. 
D)  a large portion of the myocardium is damaged. 
A)  the stress response causes general vasodilation. 
B)  fluid is lost into ischemic tissues. 
C)  heart valves are damaged. 
D)  a large portion of the myocardium is damaged.

Question 12

In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from:

Accepted Answer

A)  onset of circulatory shock. 
B)  the inflammatory response. 
C)  release of enzymes from necrotic tissue. 
D)  heart failure. 
A)  onset of circulatory shock. 
B)  the inflammatory response. 
C)  release of enzymes from necrotic tissue. 
D)  heart failure.

Question 13

Rheumatic heart disease usually manifests in later years as:

Accepted Answer

A)  swollen heart valves and fever. 
B)  cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs. 
C)  thrombus formation and septic emboli. 
D)  petechial hemorrhages of the skin and mucosa. 
A)  swollen heart valves and fever. 
B)  cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs. 
C)  thrombus formation and septic emboli. 
D)  petechial hemorrhages of the skin and mucosa.

Question 14

A prolonged period of shock is likely to cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  damage to, and increased permeability of, pulmonary capillaries. 
B)  increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys. 
C)  increased pH of blood and body fluids. 
D)  increased systemic vasoconstriction. 
A)  damage to, and increased permeability of, pulmonary capillaries. 
B)  increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys. 
C)  increased pH of blood and body fluids. 
D)  increased systemic vasoconstriction.

Question 15

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

Accepted Answer

A)  reducing the risk of blood clotting. 
B)  decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques. 
C)  reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions. 
D)  decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias. 
A)  reducing the risk of blood clotting. 
B)  decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques. 
C)  reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions. 
D)  decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 16

Septic shock is frequently caused by infections involving:

Accepted Answer

A)  gram-negative endotoxin-producing bacteria. 
B)  spore-forming saprophytic fungi. 
C)  free-swimming, motile parasitic protozoa. 
D)  parasitic nematodes. 
A)  gram-negative endotoxin-producing bacteria. 
B)  spore-forming saprophytic fungi. 
C)  free-swimming, motile parasitic protozoa. 
D)  parasitic nematodes.

Question 17

The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:

Accepted Answer

A)  atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  increased heart rate causes palpitations. 
A)  atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  increased heart rate causes palpitations.

Question 18

Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased intraventricular pressure 
B)  Depolarization at the AV node 
C)  Ventricular relaxation and backflow of blood 
D)  Contraction of the atria 
A)  Increased intraventricular pressure 
B)  Depolarization at the AV node 
C)  Ventricular relaxation and backflow of blood 
D)  Contraction of the atria

Question 19

Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions. 
B)  pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures. 
C)  the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied. 
D)  the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria. 
A)  the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions. 
B)  pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures. 
C)  the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied. 
D)  the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.

Question 20

The term arteriosclerosis specifically refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  development of atheromas in large arteries. 
B)  intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries. 
C)  degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries. 
D)  ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart. 
A)  development of atheromas in large arteries. 
B)  intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries. 
C)  degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries. 
D)  ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart.

Exam 12: Cardiovascular System Disorders

Which of the following is NOT true of the drug nitroglycerin?

Shock is defined as:

A sign of aortic stenosis is:

In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?

Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by:

The function of the baroreceptors is to:

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Which statement applies to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

Confirmation of the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction would include: 1) specific changes in the ECG. 2) marked leukocytosis and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 3) elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum. 4) a pattern of pain.

The right side of the heart would fail first in the case of: 1) severe mitral valve stenosis. 2) uncontrolled essential hypertension. 3) large infarction in the right ventricle. 4) advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Shock follows a myocardial infarction when:

In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from:

Rheumatic heart disease usually manifests in later years as:

A prolonged period of shock is likely to cause:

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

Septic shock is frequently caused by infections involving:

The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:

Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:

The term arteriosclerosis specifically refers to:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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