Question 1

Circulatory shock causes:

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased GFR and increased renin secretion. 
B)  increased ADH and decreased aldosterone secretion. 
C)  immediate tubule necrosis and obstruction. 
D)  sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles. 
A)  decreased GFR and increased renin secretion. 
B)  increased ADH and decreased aldosterone secretion. 
C)  immediate tubule necrosis and obstruction. 
D)  sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles. A

Question 2

What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gross hematuria 
B)  Microscopic hematuria 
C)  Sharp flank pain 
D)  Oliguria 
A)  Gross hematuria 
B)  Microscopic hematuria 
C)  Sharp flank pain 
D)  Oliguria B

Question 3

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area 
B)  Multiple hemorrhages in the kidney 
C)  Severe colicky pain radiating into the groin 
D)  Increased GFR 
A)  Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area 
B)  Multiple hemorrhages in the kidney 
C)  Severe colicky pain radiating into the groin 
D)  Increased GFR A

Question 4

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the glomerular inflammation results from:

Accepted Answer

A)  toxins produced by the bacteria. 
B)  a type III hypersensitivity reaction. 
C)  an ascending infection from the bladder. 
D)  spread of infection from the tubules. 
A)  toxins produced by the bacteria. 
B)  a type III hypersensitivity reaction. 
C)  an ascending infection from the bladder. 
D)  spread of infection from the tubules.

Question 5

Which statement about the bladder is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bladder wall lacks rugae. 
B)  Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone. 
C)  It contracts when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. 
D)  Continuous peristalsis in the bladder wall promotes urine flow. 
A)  The bladder wall lacks rugae. 
B)  Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone. 
C)  It contracts when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. 
D)  Continuous peristalsis in the bladder wall promotes urine flow.

Question 6

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
C)  A pH less than 7.35 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion 
A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
C)  A pH less than 7.35 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion

Question 7

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder 
B)  Renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder to the ureter 
C)  Ureter to the renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder 
D)  Collecting duct to the ureter to the urethra 
A)  Collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder 
B)  Renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder to the ureter 
C)  Ureter to the renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder 
D)  Collecting duct to the ureter to the urethra

Question 8

What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased reabsorption of sodium and water 
B)  Decreased reabsorption of H+ in the tubules 
C)  Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone 
D)  Inhibition of renin 
A)  Decreased reabsorption of sodium and water 
B)  Decreased reabsorption of H+ in the tubules 
C)  Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone 
D)  Inhibition of renin

Question 9

What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prolonged circulatory shock 
B)  Sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins 
C)  Crush injuries or burns 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Prolonged circulatory shock 
B)  Sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins 
C)  Crush injuries or burns 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polyuria with urine of fixed and low specific gravity 
B)  Hypotension and increased urine output 
C)  Development of decompensated acidosis 
D)  Very low GFR and increased serum urea 
A)  Polyuria with urine of fixed and low specific gravity 
B)  Hypotension and increased urine output 
C)  Development of decompensated acidosis 
D)  Very low GFR and increased serum urea

Question 11

In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules 
B)  Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule 
C)  Increasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney 
D)  Microbes irritating the tissues 
A)  Inflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules 
B)  Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule 
C)  Increasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney 
D)  Microbes irritating the tissues

Question 12

What are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria 
B)  Pyuria and leucopenia 
C)  Hypertension and heart failure 
D)  Gross hematuria and pyuria 
A)  Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria 
B)  Pyuria and leucopenia 
C)  Hypertension and heart failure 
D)  Gross hematuria and pyuria

Question 13

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

Accepted Answer

A)  sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord. 
B)  relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder. 
C)  increased pressure distending the bladder. 
D)  contraction of the bladder. 
A)  sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord. 
B)  relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder. 
C)  increased pressure distending the bladder. 
D)  contraction of the bladder.

Question 14

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  An ascending infection by E. coli 
B)  Abnormal immune response, causing inflammation 
C)  Dialysis or other invasive procedure 
D)  Severe pH imbalance of urine 
A)  An ascending infection by E. coli 
B)  Abnormal immune response, causing inflammation 
C)  Dialysis or other invasive procedure 
D)  Severe pH imbalance of urine

Question 15

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion 
B)  Insufficient calcium in the diet 
C)  Excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine 
D)  A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia 
A)  Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion 
B)  Insufficient calcium in the diet 
C)  Excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine 
D)  A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia

Question 16

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate 
B)  Urine with low specific gravity and dark color 
C)  Albuminuria and hematuria 
D)  Hyponatremia and hypokalemia 
A)  Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate 
B)  Urine with low specific gravity and dark color 
C)  Albuminuria and hematuria 
D)  Hyponatremia and hypokalemia

Question 17

Uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  encephalopathy. 
B)  high blood pressure. 
C)  osteodystrophy. 
D)  azotemia and acidosis. 
A)  encephalopathy. 
B)  high blood pressure. 
C)  osteodystrophy. 
D)  azotemia and acidosis.

Question 18

Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreasing blood pressure 
B)  Dilation of the afferent arterioles 
C)  Decreased aldosterone secretion 
D)  Increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction 
A)  Decreasing blood pressure 
B)  Dilation of the afferent arterioles 
C)  Decreased aldosterone secretion 
D)  Increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction

Question 19

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease?
1) Increased blood pressure
2) Elevated serum urea
3) Anemia
4) Acidosis

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only 
B)  2, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1 only 
B)  2, 4 
C)  1, 3, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4

Question 20

Wilms' tumor is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a malignant tumor in the bladder. 
B)  an encapsulated mass in one kidney. 
C)  not considered to have a genetic origin. 
D)  manifested in adulthood. 
A)  a malignant tumor in the bladder. 
B)  an encapsulated mass in one kidney. 
C)  not considered to have a genetic origin. 
D)  manifested in adulthood.

Exam 18: Urinary System Disorders

Circulatory shock causes:

What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the glomerular inflammation results from:

Which statement about the bladder is TRUE?

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?

What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

What are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome?

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

Uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease? 1) Increased blood pressure 2) Elevated serum urea 3) Anemia 4) Acidosis

Wilms' tumor is:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

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Inflammation and Healing

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