Question 1

Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  The collecting duct to the distal convoluted tubule to the renal pelvis 
B)  Bowman's capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle 
C)  The loop of Henle to the collecting duct to Bowman's capsule 
D)  The distal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle to the collecting duct 
A)  The collecting duct to the distal convoluted tubule to the renal pelvis 
B)  Bowman's capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle 
C)  The loop of Henle to the collecting duct to Bowman's capsule 
D)  The distal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

Question 2

By what process is water reabsorbed from the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Osmosis 
B)  Active transport 
C)  Cotransport 
D)  Capillary action 
A)  Osmosis 
B)  Active transport 
C)  Cotransport 
D)  Capillary action

Question 3

Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mild flank pain on the affected side 
B)  Hydronephrosis in both kidneys 
C)  Immediate cessation of urine production 
D)  An attack of renal colic 
A)  Mild flank pain on the affected side 
B)  Hydronephrosis in both kidneys 
C)  Immediate cessation of urine production 
D)  An attack of renal colic

Question 4

Why does blood pressure often remain near normal in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Massive amounts of fluid are lost from the body with polyuria. 
B)  Renin and aldosterone are no longer secreted. 
C)  Tubules do not respond to ADH and aldosterone. 
D)  Hypovolemia results from fluid shift to the interstitial compartment. 
A)  Massive amounts of fluid are lost from the body with polyuria. 
B)  Renin and aldosterone are no longer secreted. 
C)  Tubules do not respond to ADH and aldosterone. 
D)  Hypovolemia results from fluid shift to the interstitial compartment.

Question 5

What causes the dark urine associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood and protein leaking through the capillary into the filtrate 
B)  Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria from the inflammation 
C)  Pyuria from inflammatory exudate 
D)  Bleeding from ulcerations in the kidneys 
A)  Blood and protein leaking through the capillary into the filtrate 
B)  Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria from the inflammation 
C)  Pyuria from inflammatory exudate 
D)  Bleeding from ulcerations in the kidneys

Question 6

Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prostatic cancer 
B)  Hormonal abnormalities 
C)  Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke 
D)  Presence of embryonic tissue 
A)  Prostatic cancer 
B)  Hormonal abnormalities 
C)  Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke 
D)  Presence of embryonic tissue

Question 7

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

Accepted Answer

A)  an infection of the gallbladder. 
B)  renal failure due to tubule damage. 
C)  lack of sufficient fluid intake. 
D)  presence of numerous renal calculi. 
A)  an infection of the gallbladder. 
B)  renal failure due to tubule damage. 
C)  lack of sufficient fluid intake. 
D)  presence of numerous renal calculi.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal calculi 
B)  Pyelonephritis 
C)  Nephrosclerosis 
D)  Benign prostatic hypertrophy 
A)  Renal calculi 
B)  Pyelonephritis 
C)  Nephrosclerosis 
D)  Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Question 9

Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  oliguria. 
B)  anuria. 
C)  pyuria. 
D)  polyuria. 
A)  oliguria. 
B)  anuria. 
C)  pyuria. 
D)  polyuria.

Question 10

Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  predisposition to recurrent urinary tract infections. 
B)  damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia. 
C)  failure of tubules to respond to hormonal controls. 
D)  glomerular congestion causes damaged capillaries. 
A)  predisposition to recurrent urinary tract infections. 
B)  damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia. 
C)  failure of tubules to respond to hormonal controls. 
D)  glomerular congestion causes damaged capillaries.

Question 11

The normal pH of urine is:

Accepted Answer

A)  7.35-7.45. 
B)  4.5- 8.0. 
C)  1.5-7.5. 
D)  1.0-7.0. 
A)  7.35-7.45. 
B)  4.5- 8.0. 
C)  1.5-7.5. 
D)  1.0-7.0.

Question 12

Which disease would cause an increased ASO titer and elevated serum ASK?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nephrotic syndrome 
B)  Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 
C)  Pyelonephritis 
D)  Polycystic kidney 
A)  Nephrotic syndrome 
B)  Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 
C)  Pyelonephritis 
D)  Polycystic kidney

Question 13

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the inflammation causes:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. 
B)  glomerular congestion and decreased GFR. 
C)  decreased blood pressure and edema. 
D)  A and B 
A)  increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. 
B)  glomerular congestion and decreased GFR. 
C)  decreased blood pressure and edema. 
D)  A and B

Question 14

From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.

Accepted Answer

A)  Albumin 
B)  Urea 
C)  Sodium 
D)  Creatinine 
A)  Albumin 
B)  Urea 
C)  Sodium 
D)  Creatinine

Question 15

Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microbes spread through the circulation. 
B)  Antibodies have not yet formed. 
C)  There is no effective treatment. 
D)  There is a continuous mucosa along the involved structures. 
A)  Microbes spread through the circulation. 
B)  Antibodies have not yet formed. 
C)  There is no effective treatment. 
D)  There is a continuous mucosa along the involved structures.

Question 16

Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Development of hypercalcemia 
B)  Deficit of parathyroid hormone 
C)  Failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D 
D)  Excessive loss of phosphate ion 
A)  Development of hypercalcemia 
B)  Deficit of parathyroid hormone 
C)  Failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D 
D)  Excessive loss of phosphate ion

Question 17

Which pathophysiological process applies to acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions 
B)  Ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 
C)  Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation 
D)  Increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons 
A)  Streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions 
B)  Ischemic damage occurs in the tubules, causing obstruction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 
C)  Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation 
D)  Increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons

Question 18

Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Afferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the venule 
B)  Efferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the peritubular capillaries 
C)  Peritubular capillaries to the glomerular capillaries to the venule 
D)  Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole 
A)  Afferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the venule 
B)  Efferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the peritubular capillaries 
C)  Peritubular capillaries to the glomerular capillaries to the venule 
D)  Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

Question 19

Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  It affects only one of the kidneys. 
B)  It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure. 
C)  The kidneys are displaced and the ureters are twisted. 
D)  The prognosis is good because there is adequate reserve for normal life. 
A)  It affects only one of the kidneys. 
B)  It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure. 
C)  The kidneys are displaced and the ureters are twisted. 
D)  The prognosis is good because there is adequate reserve for normal life.

Question 20

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nephrotic syndrome 
B)  Cystitis 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Urolithiasis 
A)  Nephrotic syndrome 
B)  Cystitis 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Urolithiasis

Exam 18: Urinary System Disorders

Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney?

By what process is water reabsorbed from the filtrate?

Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?

Why does blood pressure often remain near normal in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

What causes the dark urine associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?

Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:

Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:

The normal pH of urine is:

Which disease would cause an increased ASO titer and elevated serum ASK?

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the inflammation causes:

From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.

Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?

Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure.

Which pathophysiological process applies to acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?

Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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