Question 1

If reintroduced into early embryos, embryonic stem cells can give rise to cells in all tissues of a mouse.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Briefly describe the steps involved in cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Give an example.

Accepted Answer

The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (nongonadal cell, such as an epithelial cell) is transferred to an unfertilized egg that has been enucleated (meaning the nucleus of the egg has been removed). The egg is then cultured in vitro to an early blastocyst embryo and implanted into a foster mother who was not the source of the somatic cell nucleus. The foster mother gives birth to a clone that is identical to the donor of the somatic cell. By far the most well-known example is Dolly the sheep, which was cloned by Ian Wilmut's group in 1997. Since then, numerous species have been cloned.

Question 3

As a causal factor in the development of tumors, the inability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis is as significant as their uncontrolled proliferation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein which, under normal conditions, contributes to the balance of activity of numerous proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. What would be the result of a gain-of-function mutation in the bcl-2 gene that led to a constant and significant elevation in cellular Bcl-2 protein levels?

Accepted Answer

A gain-of-function mutation can occur in

Question 5

It is relatively easy to isolate and propagate embryonic stem cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The gene ced-3 of C. elegans codes for a proteolytic enzyme that is a

Accepted Answer

A)  serine protease. 
B)  chymotrypsin. 
C)  ubiquitin-targeted protease. 
D)  caspase. 
A)  serine protease. 
B)  chymotrypsin. 
C)  ubiquitin-targeted protease. 
D)  caspase.

Question 7

Which statement about stem cells is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stem cells divide to form one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and a second cell that proliferates and then differentiates. 
B)  Stem cells are a subpopulation of less differentiated, self-renewing cells present in most adult tissues. 
C)  Stem cells in organs can only differentiate into the tissue in which they are located. 
D)  Stem cells were first identified in the hematopoietic system. 
A)  Stem cells divide to form one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and a second cell that proliferates and then differentiates. 
B)  Stem cells are a subpopulation of less differentiated, self-renewing cells present in most adult tissues. 
C)  Stem cells in organs can only differentiate into the tissue in which they are located. 
D)  Stem cells were first identified in the hematopoietic system.

Question 8

How can embryonic stem cells be directed to differentiate along specific pathways?

Accepted Answer

They can be directed to differ

Question 9

In normal, nonapoptotic cells, antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family bind to proapoptotic members and inhibit their activity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Fibroblasts are stimulated to exit G0 and proliferate by _______ growth factor.

Accepted Answer

A)  fibroblast 
B)  platelet-derived 
C)  epithelial 
D)  stem cell 
A)  fibroblast 
B)  platelet-derived 
C)  epithelial 
D)  stem cell

Question 11

Most cells in adult animals are in the _______ stage of the cell cycle.

Accepted Answer

A)  G0 
B)  G1 
C)  G2 
D)  S 
A)  G0 
B)  G1 
C)  G2 
D)  S

Question 12

Apoptotic cells produce "eat me" signals, which include _______ of cell surface _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  loss; carbohydrates 
B)  loss; phosphatidylserines 
C)  gain; phosphatidylserines 
D)  gain; phosphatidylethanolamines 
A)  loss; carbohydrates 
B)  loss; phosphatidylserines 
C)  gain; phosphatidylserines 
D)  gain; phosphatidylethanolamines

Question 13

Most tissues maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Early experiments by Takahashi and Yamanaka showed that a set of four genes introduced by retroviral expression are capable of transforming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. The four proteins encoded by these genes were all

Accepted Answer

A)  G-protein coupled receptors. 
B)  transcription factors. 
C)  tyrosine kinases. 
D)  calcium-binding proteins. 
A)  G-protein coupled receptors. 
B)  transcription factors. 
C)  tyrosine kinases. 
D)  calcium-binding proteins.

Question 15

Which statement regarding Bax and Bak, two members of the Bcl-2 family, is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bax and Bak are antiapoptotic proteins that function to repress apoptosis in cells. 
B)  Bax and Bak act as ligands to the apoptosome in activation caspases. 
C)  When activated, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the outer membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c. 
D)  Bax and Bak directly activate caspase-9. 
A)  Bax and Bak are antiapoptotic proteins that function to repress apoptosis in cells. 
B)  Bax and Bak act as ligands to the apoptosome in activation caspases. 
C)  When activated, Bax and Bak form oligomers in the outer membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c. 
D)  Bax and Bak directly activate caspase-9.

Question 16

Which statement about caspases is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cleave after aspartic acid residues in their substrate proteins. 
B)  They inhibit DNase which, when activated, fragments nuclear DNA. 
C)  They predominantly break up Golgi membranes, which releases other caspases to cleave nuclear lamins and cytoskeleton proteins. 
D)  They contain cysteine residues in the active site. 
A)  They cleave after aspartic acid residues in their substrate proteins. 
B)  They inhibit DNase which, when activated, fragments nuclear DNA. 
C)  They predominantly break up Golgi membranes, which releases other caspases to cleave nuclear lamins and cytoskeleton proteins. 
D)  They contain cysteine residues in the active site.

Question 17

Injured muscle cells regenerate by division of muscle fibers to form myoblasts that proliferate and fuse to form new muscle fibers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Signaling pathways mediate many cellular processes. Apoptosis is also regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Briefly describe two signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis.

Accepted Answer

One regulator of apoptosis is the p53 pa

Question 19

The key protein involved in "deciding" whether a cell with DNA damage should delay its cell cycle or undergo apoptosis is

Accepted Answer

A)  Akt. 
B)  pRB. 
C)  p53. 
D)  p15. 
A)  Akt. 
B)  pRB. 
C)  p53. 
D)  p15.

Question 20

What determines whether DNA damage to a given cell will result in cell cycle delay or apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

The extent of DNA damage deter

If reintroduced into early embryos, embryonic stem cells can give rise to cells in all tissues of a mouse.

Briefly describe the steps involved in cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Give an example.

As a causal factor in the development of tumors, the inability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis is as significant as their uncontrolled proliferation.

It is relatively easy to isolate and propagate embryonic stem cells.

The gene ced-3 of C. elegans codes for a proteolytic enzyme that is a

Which statement about stem cells is false?

How can embryonic stem cells be directed to differentiate along specific pathways?

In normal, nonapoptotic cells, antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family bind to proapoptotic members and inhibit their activity.

Fibroblasts are stimulated to exit G₀ and proliferate by _______ growth factor.

Most cells in adult animals are in the _______ stage of the cell cycle.

Apoptotic cells produce "eat me" signals, which include _ of cell surface _.

Most tissues maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death.

Early experiments by Takahashi and Yamanaka showed that a set of four genes introduced by retroviral expression are capable of transforming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. The four proteins encoded by these genes were all

Which statement regarding Bax and Bak, two members of the Bcl-2 family, is true?

Which statement about caspases is false?

Injured muscle cells regenerate by division of muscle fibers to form myoblasts that proliferate and fuse to form new muscle fibers.

Signaling pathways mediate many cellular processes. Apoptosis is also regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Briefly describe two signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis.

The key protein involved in "deciding" whether a cell with DNA damage should delay its cell cycle or undergo apoptosis is

What determines whether DNA damage to a given cell will result in cell cycle delay or apoptosis?

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

Molecules and Membranes

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

Genes and Genomes

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic Dna

RNA Synthesis and Processing

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

The Nucleus

Protein Sorting and Transport

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

The Plasma Membrane

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

Cell Signaling

The Cell Cycle

Cancer

Filters

Exam 19: Cell Death and Cell Renewal

If reintroduced into early embryos, embryonic stem cells can give rise to cells in all tissues of a mouse.

Briefly describe the steps involved in cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer. Give an example.

As a causal factor in the development of tumors, the inability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis is as significant as their uncontrolled proliferation.

It is relatively easy to isolate and propagate embryonic stem cells.

The gene ced-3 of C. elegans codes for a proteolytic enzyme that is a

Which statement about stem cells is false?

How can embryonic stem cells be directed to differentiate along specific pathways?

In normal, nonapoptotic cells, antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family bind to proapoptotic members and inhibit their activity.

Fibroblasts are stimulated to exit G0 and proliferate by _______ growth factor.

Most cells in adult animals are in the _______ stage of the cell cycle.

Apoptotic cells produce "eat me" signals, which include _______ of cell surface _______.

Most tissues maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death.

Early experiments by Takahashi and Yamanaka showed that a set of four genes introduced by retroviral expression are capable of transforming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. The four proteins encoded by these genes were all

Which statement regarding Bax and Bak, two members of the Bcl-2 family, is true?

Which statement about caspases is false?

Injured muscle cells regenerate by division of muscle fibers to form myoblasts that proliferate and fuse to form new muscle fibers.

Signaling pathways mediate many cellular processes. Apoptosis is also regulated by multiple signaling pathways. Briefly describe two signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis.

The key protein involved in "deciding" whether a cell with DNA damage should delay its cell cycle or undergo apoptosis is

What determines whether DNA damage to a given cell will result in cell cycle delay or apoptosis?

An Overview of Cells and Cell Research

Molecules and Membranes

Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

Genes and Genomes

Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic Dna

RNA Synthesis and Processing

Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics

Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation

The Nucleus

Protein Sorting and Transport

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

The Plasma Membrane

Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions

Cell Signaling

The Cell Cycle

Cancer

Filters

Fibroblasts are stimulated to exit G₀ and proliferate by _______ growth factor.

Apoptotic cells produce "eat me" signals, which include _ of cell surface _.