Chat with AIExam 21: Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases
Describe how atherosclerosis develops.
(80) 
VerifiedIn atherosclerosis, the artery walls become progressively thickened due to an accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells, collectively known as plaque . Atherosclerosis initially arises in response to minimal but chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall. The first lesions tend to develop in regions where the arteries branch or bend due to the disturbed blood flow in those areas. The subtle damage elicits an inflammatory response, attracting immune cells and increasing the permeability of the artery wall. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL slip under the artery's thin layer of endothelial cells , become oxidized by local enzymes, and accumulate. Eventually, the plaque thickens and hardens as additional lipids, fibrous proteins, calcium, and cellular debris accumulate. Atherosclerosis begins to develop as early as childhood or adolescence and typically progresses over several decades before symptoms develop.
Explain the medical nutrition therapy for hypertriglyceridemia.
(73) VerifiedDietary and lifestyle changes can improve most cases of mild hypertriglyceridemia. Excessive weight gain and an inactive lifestyle may both raise triglyceride levels. Dietary factors that increase triglyceride levels include high intakes of alcohol and refined carbohydrates; sucrose and fructose are the carbohydrates with the strongest effect. Thus, controlling body weight, becoming physically active, restricting alcohol, and limiting intakes of refined carbohydrates (especially sweetened beverages and food items made with white flour and added sugars are basic treatments for hypertriglyceridemia. High triglyceride levels are often associated with low HDL, and many lifestyle changes are likely to improve HDL levels as well.
How much fish does the American Heart Association recommend consuming per week to minimize the risk of CHD?
(94) VerifiedB
Intake of which food currently contributes to about one-quarter of the cholesterol consumed in the U.S. diet?
(77) What best describes a component of the DASH diet for a person who needs 2000 kcal/day?
(84) Reducing the amount of trans fats in the diet is an effective method of decreasing the risk of CHD. Which food is most likely a source of trans fats?
(71) Clinical trials have shown that a daily intake of _____ grams of fish oil supplements (EPA and DHA combined) taken under the supervision of a physician may lower triglyceride levels.
(94) Foods or supplements that contain significant amounts of plant sterols can help to lower LDL cholesterol levels by:
(91) What type of drug therapy may be given immediately after a heart attack?
(72) Several of the major risk factors for CHD can be modified by diet and activity.
(54) Verified (71) Betsy Winslow is a 62-year-old retired school teacher. She is 5'3" tall and weighs 155 pounds. Mrs. Winslow is a member of a walking group that meets three mornings a week. She walks two miles each morning. After experiencing episodes of chest pain and shortness of breath when walking, she made an appointment to see her physician. Her laboratory results are as follows: total cholesterol: 251 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: 47 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: 146 mg/dL; triglycerides: 203 mg/dL. Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall reveals the following intake:
Breakfast: Scrambled eggs, bacon, toast with butter and jelly, 2% milk
Lunch: Hamburger pizza, salad with Italian dressing, Coke
Snack: 3 chocolate cookies, 2% milk
Dinner: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, buttered corn on the cob, sweet tea, coconut cake
Snack: Ice cream
Mrs. Winslow has been advised to increase her intake of soluble fiber. What food is an example of a source of soluble fiber?
(76) People with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes often have elevated LDL and VLDL levels, and low HDL levels.
(84) Carmen, age 34, has had hypertension since she was a teenager, as do many members of her immediate family. At a visit to the doctor one year ago after her twin brother had suffered an acute episode of hypertension requiring hospitalization, Carmen decided to seriously attempt to reduce her sodium and salt intakes. She has successfully mastered a low-sodium diet by: eliminating the use of a salt shaker; ordering fresh, no-salt-added foods in restaurants; avoiding salty condiments; avoiding ready-to-eat foods; and using herbs and salt-free seasonings. She has recently begun reading labels and following portions of the DASH diet. Her doctor tells her to expect a further reduction in her blood pressure if she can master the DASH diet.
Carmen discovers that the DASH diet contains more fiber and ____ compared to that of the typical American diet.
(84) Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The client asks the nurse about the effects of physical activity on CHD risk. The nurse should tell the patient that:
(79) Deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the heart can cause a myocardial infarction.
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