Exam 10: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation

Spina bifida, characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement, may be manifested by what features after birth?

Milk moves to the front of the breast when an infant begins to nurse. This is called the:

The most common cause of sore nipples during breastfeeding is a poor letdown reflex.

Women who enter pregnancy with iron-deficiency anemia have a greater risk of:

To avoid development of neural tube defects, a pregnant woman should begin taking 600 mcg of folate supplements by the end of the first trimester.

A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend? A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend?

Most prescription medications taken by a breastfeeding mother will reach the infant through breast milk and can adversely impact the infant's health.

Jane does not eat many fruits and vegetables, and she dislikes dairy products. To increase her calcium intake, you would recommend that she consume plenty of:

What food would most likely be provided by the WIC program?

A low-birthweight baby has a statistically greater chance of contracting diseases and dying early in life.

List several common nutrition-related concerns  of pregnancy and describe strategies that may be implemented to counteract some of these symptoms.

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues. After reading a clinic brochure on prenatal nutrition, Deborah discovers that she can "kill two birds with one stone" by eating more _____, which is a good source of both iron and zinc, minerals that might be lacking in the average pregnant woman's diet.

A breastfeeding mother is worried that her baby will develop food allergies if she eats peanuts or tree nuts before breastfeeding. F ood allergies do not develop after breastfeeding, but they do develop if the infant is formula fed.  Current evidence regarding breastfeeding and food allergies states that:

Preeclampsia usually occurs with first pregnancies and almost always occurs after 20 weeks' gestation.

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie. Carrie will most likely be successful with breastfeeding if she follows which practice?

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _____ grams per day.

In the United States, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at six months is about:

A pregnant woman can protect against lead toxicity by increasing dietary calcium intake.

A breastfeeding mother should:

What advice is most appropriate for a pregnant woman to prevent listeriosis during pregnancy?