Question 1

Multigene families arise from _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  a single gene duplication event 
B)  repeated cycles of gene duplication followed by mutation 
C)  single point mutations 
D)  exon shuffling 
E)  deletions of genes 
A)  a single gene duplication event 
B)  repeated cycles of gene duplication followed by mutation 
C)  single point mutations 
D)  exon shuffling 
E)  deletions of genes

Question 2

During a microarray analysis, cDNAs made from normal cells are stained with a green fluor and cDNAs from abnormal cells are stained with a red fluor. Which of the following statements is true about the results of this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Red spots indicate genes that are under-expressed in abnormal cells. 
B)  Red spots indicate genes that are not expressed in abnormal cells. 
C)  Red spots indicate genes that are over-expressed in abnormal cells. 
D)  Red spots indicate genes that are over-expressed in normal cells. 
E)  Red spots indicate pseudogenes. 
A)  Red spots indicate genes that are under-expressed in abnormal cells. 
B)  Red spots indicate genes that are not expressed in abnormal cells. 
C)  Red spots indicate genes that are over-expressed in abnormal cells. 
D)  Red spots indicate genes that are over-expressed in normal cells. 
E)  Red spots indicate pseudogenes.

Question 3

Unequal crossing over _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is an abnormal crossover event that occurs during mitosis 
B)  occurs between different points on homologous chromosomes 
C)  generates a single point mutation 
D)  is the result of alternative splicing 
E)  occurs between heterologous chromosomes 
A)  is an abnormal crossover event that occurs during mitosis 
B)  occurs between different points on homologous chromosomes 
C)  generates a single point mutation 
D)  is the result of alternative splicing 
E)  occurs between heterologous chromosomes

Question 4

What is directly sequenced in RNA-seq?

Accepted Answer

A)  protein 
B)  transcripts 
C)  RNA 
D)  DNA 
E)  cDNA 
A)  protein 
B)  transcripts 
C)  RNA 
D)  DNA 
E)  cDNA

Question 5

Which pre-mRNA processing mechanism allows different proteins to be produced from the same DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  transposition 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  intron shuffling 
D)  intron splicing 
E)  open reading frame shuffling 
A)  transposition 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  intron shuffling 
D)  intron splicing 
E)  open reading frame shuffling

Question 6

Which element of a dideoxy sequencing reaction allows for visualization of the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  the mixture of the four dideoxyribonucleotides, each with a different fluorescent label 
B)  DNA primer 
C)  the mixture of the four deoxyribonucleotides 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  DNA ligase 
A)  the mixture of the four dideoxyribonucleotides, each with a different fluorescent label 
B)  DNA primer 
C)  the mixture of the four deoxyribonucleotides 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  DNA ligase

Question 7

Human and chimpanzee genomes share 96% DNA sequence identity. What most likely causes humans to be phenotypically distinct from chimpanzees?

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence of many new genes unique to humans 
B)  a much larger human genome compared to the chimpanzee genome 
C)  the loss of higher functioning genes in chimpanzees 
D)  dramatic changes in chromosome structure and organization in humans 
E)  subtle mutations in protein coding sequences and changes in regulatory units of human genes 
A)  the presence of many new genes unique to humans 
B)  a much larger human genome compared to the chimpanzee genome 
C)  the loss of higher functioning genes in chimpanzees 
D)  dramatic changes in chromosome structure and organization in humans 
E)  subtle mutations in protein coding sequences and changes in regulatory units of human genes

Question 8

The _____ technique is most effective for transcriptomics studies in non-model organisms because _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA microarray; DNA sequences from related organisms can be used as probes 
B)  RNA-seq; it is less expensive 
C)  DNA microarray; prior knowledge about the genome sequence is not required 
D)  RNA-seq; the probes used are smaller than those for DNA microarrays 
E)  DNA microarray; fluorescence gives the best indication of gene activity 
A)  DNA microarray; DNA sequences from related organisms can be used as probes 
B)  RNA-seq; it is less expensive 
C)  DNA microarray; prior knowledge about the genome sequence is not required 
D)  RNA-seq; the probes used are smaller than those for DNA microarrays 
E)  DNA microarray; fluorescence gives the best indication of gene activity

Question 9

Genes with novel functions are most commonly produced by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  inversion of DNA sequences 
B)  nondisjunction during meiosis 
C)  unequal crossing-over 
D)  exon shuffling 
E)  small mutations 
A)  inversion of DNA sequences 
B)  nondisjunction during meiosis 
C)  unequal crossing-over 
D)  exon shuffling 
E)  small mutations

Question 10

Which was the first mammalian genome sequenced?

Accepted Answer

A)  chimpanzee 
B)  gorilla 
C)  mouse 
D)  human 
E)  sheep 
A)  chimpanzee 
B)  gorilla 
C)  mouse 
D)  human 
E)  sheep

Question 11

Which domain(s) have densely packed genomes with little noncoding space?

Accepted Answer

A)  Archaea only 
B)  Bacteria only 
C)  Eukarya only 
D)  Archaea and Eukarya 
E)  Bacteria and Archaea 
A)  Archaea only 
B)  Bacteria only 
C)  Eukarya only 
D)  Archaea and Eukarya 
E)  Bacteria and Archaea

Question 12

A scientist obtains the DNA sequence data for a bacterial plasmid. The data include As, Ts, and Gs, but no Cs.  What is the most likely cause of this result?

Accepted Answer

A)  ddCs were omitted from the sequencing reaction. 
B)  The cytosine deoxyribonucleotides were omitted from the sequencing reaction. 
C)  DNA polymerase was omitted from the sequencing reaction mix. 
D)  The ddG fluorescent tags were degraded. 
E)  There is no cytosine in this DNA molecule. 
A)  ddCs were omitted from the sequencing reaction. 
B)  The cytosine deoxyribonucleotides were omitted from the sequencing reaction. 
C)  DNA polymerase was omitted from the sequencing reaction mix. 
D)  The ddG fluorescent tags were degraded. 
E)  There is no cytosine in this DNA molecule.

Question 13

When copies of a gene are found at different locations on the same or different chromosomes, the phenomenon is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  dispersed duplication 
B)  dispersed localization 
C)  duplicate localization 
D)  gene dispersion 
E)  random dispersion 
A)  dispersed duplication 
B)  dispersed localization 
C)  duplicate localization 
D)  gene dispersion 
E)  random dispersion

Question 14

What is an open reading frame (ORF)?

Accepted Answer

A)  a protein coding sequence plus associated regulatory sequences 
B)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon 
C)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon, minus the introns 
D)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon, minus the exons 
E)  the sequence between a start codon and stop codon in prokaryotes only 
A)  a protein coding sequence plus associated regulatory sequences 
B)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon 
C)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon, minus the introns 
D)  the sequence between and including a start codon and a stop codon, minus the exons 
E)  the sequence between a start codon and stop codon in prokaryotes only

Question 15

The goal(s) of proteomics include(s) the determination of protein_____.

Accepted Answer

A)  structure only 
B)  function only 
C)  location only 
D)  sequence, interactions, and structure 
E)  structure, function, location, and interactions 
A)  structure only 
B)  function only 
C)  location only 
D)  sequence, interactions, and structure 
E)  structure, function, location, and interactions

Question 16

What is the difference between a gene knockout and a gene knockdown?

Accepted Answer

A gene knockout is when researchers repl

Question 17

A portion of a microarray is shown above in which the expression of genes on human chromosome 21 was examined in normal brain cells (cDNAs labeled with a white fluor) or brain cells from an individual with a neurological disorder (cDNAs labeled with a black fluor).
Which genes are over-expressed in the abnormal cells compared to the normal cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  A2, B1, B3, and C4 
B)  B2 and C1 
C)  A1, A3, A4, B4, C2, and C3 
D)  A1, A2, B2, and C1 
E)  A2, C2, and C4 
A)  A2, B1, B3, and C4 
B)  B2 and C1 
C)  A1, A3, A4, B4, C2, and C3 
D)  A1, A2, B2, and C1 
E)  A2, C2, and C4

Question 18

Which technique can most accurately quantify RNA and determine levels of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA-seq 
B)  microarray analysis 
C)  Illumina/Solexa sequencing 
D)  alignment searches 
E)  Sanger sequencing 
A)  RNA-seq 
B)  microarray analysis 
C)  Illumina/Solexa sequencing 
D)  alignment searches 
E)  Sanger sequencing

Question 19

Which organism has the largest number of protein-coding genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  E. coli (bacteria) 
B)  Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) 
C)  Homo sapiens (human) 
D)  Oryza sativa (rice) 
E)  Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 
A)  E. coli (bacteria) 
B)  Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) 
C)  Homo sapiens (human) 
D)  Oryza sativa (rice) 
E)  Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

Question 20

Microarrays let us identify which DNA sequences are present in a particular cell type under certain conditions. How can microarrays help us understand cellular functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microarrays let us study different cellular structures under different conditions. 
B)  Microarrays let us directly measure protein expression in individual cells. 
C)  Microarrays let us identify which portions of a genome were being expressed in a cell at a particular time. 
D)  Microarrays let us identify which DNA sequences are present in a particular cell type under certain conditions. 
E)  Microarrays let us identify which portions of a genome serve as regulatory sequences. 
A)  Microarrays let us study different cellular structures under different conditions. 
B)  Microarrays let us directly measure protein expression in individual cells. 
C)  Microarrays let us identify which portions of a genome were being expressed in a cell at a particular time. 
D)  Microarrays let us identify which DNA sequences are present in a particular cell type under certain conditions. 
E)  Microarrays let us identify which portions of a genome serve as regulatory sequences.

Exam 19: Genomes and Proteomes

Multigene families arise from _____.

During a microarray analysis, cDNAs made from normal cells are stained with a green fluor and cDNAs from abnormal cells are stained with a red fluor. Which of the following statements is true about the results of this experiment?

Unequal crossing over _____.

What is directly sequenced in RNA-seq?

Which pre-mRNA processing mechanism allows different proteins to be produced from the same DNA sequence?

Which element of a dideoxy sequencing reaction allows for visualization of the DNA sequence?

Human and chimpanzee genomes share 96% DNA sequence identity. What most likely causes humans to be phenotypically distinct from chimpanzees?

The _____ technique is most effective for transcriptomics studies in non-model organisms because _____.

Genes with novel functions are most commonly produced by ____.

Which was the first mammalian genome sequenced?

Which domain(s) have densely packed genomes with little noncoding space?

A scientist obtains the DNA sequence data for a bacterial plasmid. The data include As, Ts, and Gs, but no Cs. What is the most likely cause of this result?

When copies of a gene are found at different locations on the same or different chromosomes, the phenomenon is called _____.

What is an open reading frame (ORF)?

The goal(s) of proteomics include(s) the determination of protein_____.

What is the difference between a gene knockout and a gene knockdown?

Which technique can most accurately quantify RNA and determine levels of gene expression?

Which organism has the largest number of protein-coding genes?

Microarrays let us identify which DNA sequences are present in a particular cell type under certain conditions. How can microarrays help us understand cellular functions?

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

The _ technique is most effective for transcriptomics studies in non-model organisms because _.