Question 1

What is one potential fate for a proton in the mitochondrial matrix?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are attached to NAD+and FAD. 
B)  They combine with oxygen to form water. 
C)  They synthesize ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
D)  They help in the production of CO2. 
E)  They regenerate Coenzyme A. 
A)  They are attached to NAD+and FAD. 
B)  They combine with oxygen to form water. 
C)  They synthesize ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
D)  They help in the production of CO2. 
E)  They regenerate Coenzyme A.

Question 2

When a molecule is reduced, it ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  gains electrons 
B)  loses electrons 
C)  stores electrons 
D)  loses energy 
E)  burns energy 
A)  gains electrons 
B)  loses electrons 
C)  stores electrons 
D)  loses energy 
E)  burns energy

Question 3

Fermentation bypasses _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  pyruvate oxidation only 
B)  the citric acid cycle only 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle only 
D)  pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation only 
A)  pyruvate oxidation only 
B)  the citric acid cycle only 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle only 
D)  pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation only

Question 4

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH2?

Accepted Answer

A)  FADH2donates electrons to protein complex III as opposed to complex II. 
B)  FADH2requires more ATP to produce it and gives more energy back. 
C)  NADH and FADH2are synthesized in different steps of cellular respiration. 
D)  NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2. 
E)  NADH supplies fewer electrons that are of a higher energy state than FADH2. 
A)  FADH2donates electrons to protein complex III as opposed to complex II. 
B)  FADH2requires more ATP to produce it and gives more energy back. 
C)  NADH and FADH2are synthesized in different steps of cellular respiration. 
D)  NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2. 
E)  NADH supplies fewer electrons that are of a higher energy state than FADH2.

Question 5

If during a chemical reaction, a molecule loses hydrogens, it could be described as being oxidized.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  high energy NADH is made to supply the cell with its needed energy 
B)  a final electron acceptor is used indirectly to facilitate the production of ATP 
C)  ATP is made using high energy intermediates of cellular respiration 
D)  specific enzymes are regulated to control cellular respiration 
E)  NAD+is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue 
A)  high energy NADH is made to supply the cell with its needed energy 
B)  a final electron acceptor is used indirectly to facilitate the production of ATP 
C)  ATP is made using high energy intermediates of cellular respiration 
D)  specific enzymes are regulated to control cellular respiration 
E)  NAD+is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue

Question 8

The initial step of glycolysis involves the ____ of glucose.

Accepted Answer

A)  condensation 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  oxidation 
D)  phosphorylation 
E)  reduction 
A)  condensation 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  oxidation 
D)  phosphorylation 
E)  reduction

Question 9

After one minute without oxygen, brain cells begin to die. After three minutes, this damage is likely to cause severe neurological deficits. The dependence of brain cells on oxygen for survival indicates that these cells are ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  strict aerobes 
B)  strict anaerobes 
C)  facultative aerobes 
D)  facultative anaerobes 
E)  transitional aerobes 
A)  strict aerobes 
B)  strict anaerobes 
C)  facultative aerobes 
D)  facultative anaerobes 
E)  transitional aerobes

Question 10

Compared to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the mitochondrial matrix could be described as having ____ pH and _____ pyruvate concentration.

Accepted Answer

A)  a lower; higher 
B)  a higher; higher 
C)  a lower; lower 
D)  a higher; lower 
E)  the same; the same 
A)  a lower; higher 
B)  a higher; higher 
C)  a lower; lower 
D)  a higher; lower 
E)  the same; the same

Question 11

Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Provide two examples of feedback inhibition.

Accepted Answer

In glycolysis, if excess ATP is present

Question 12

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP 
B)  NADH 
C)  FAD 
D)  O2 
E)  NAD+ 
A)  ADP 
B)  NADH 
C)  FAD 
D)  O2 
E)  NAD+

Question 13

When ATP levels are high, which enzyme's activity will be directly decreased by feedback inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A)  aconitase 
B)  malate dehydrogenase 
C)  citrate synthase 
D)  isocitrate dehyrogenase 
E)  fumerase 
A)  aconitase 
B)  malate dehydrogenase 
C)  citrate synthase 
D)  isocitrate dehyrogenase 
E)  fumerase

Question 14

The oxidation of which macromolecule yields the most energy by weight?

Accepted Answer

A)  lipids 
B)  glycogen 
C)  starch 
D)  glucose 
E)  protein 
A)  lipids 
B)  glycogen 
C)  starch 
D)  glucose 
E)  protein

Question 15

The Warburg effect is the observation that cancer cells produce energy using a high rate of glycolysis followed by fermentation rather than oxidative phosphorylation. Although the exact cause is still under investigation, which explanation is most plausible?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tumors attract blood vessels to increase levels of available oxygen. 
B)  In order to grow quickly, high levels of ATP are required. 
C)  Mutations in phosphofructokinase prevent feedback inhibition. 
D)  Tumor formation upregulates glycolytic proteins. 
E)  Rapid cell proliferation damages mitochondrial function. 
A)  Tumors attract blood vessels to increase levels of available oxygen. 
B)  In order to grow quickly, high levels of ATP are required. 
C)  Mutations in phosphofructokinase prevent feedback inhibition. 
D)  Tumor formation upregulates glycolytic proteins. 
E)  Rapid cell proliferation damages mitochondrial function.

Question 16

Products of fermentation include NADH and FADH2.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

What is the proton-motive force?

Accepted Answer

A)  the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space 
B)  the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule 
C)  the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH 
D)  the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E)  the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient 
A)  the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space 
B)  the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule 
C)  the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH 
D)  the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E)  the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient

Question 18

Explain why FADH2generates less ATP than NADH.

Accepted Answer

NADH enters the mitochondrial electron t

Question 19

Which molecule stimulates phosphofructokinase to increase the flow of intermediates through glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH 
B)  FADH2 
C)  ATP 
D)  AMP 
E)  acetyl CoA 
A)  NADH 
B)  FADH2 
C)  ATP 
D)  AMP 
E)  acetyl CoA

Question 20

Citrate synthase, the first enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is regulated by ATP concentrations. Why is early regulation of ATP production the most beneficial method for the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is not possible to regulate the last enzyme in a pathway. 
B)  More ATP can be produced before the first enzyme is inactivated. 
C)  ATP production always needs to be maximized. 
D)  Citrate synthase controls the amount of pyruvate produced by glycolysis. 
E)  Regulating early steps conserves cellular fuels. 
A)  It is not possible to regulate the last enzyme in a pathway. 
B)  More ATP can be produced before the first enzyme is inactivated. 
C)  ATP production always needs to be maximized. 
D)  Citrate synthase controls the amount of pyruvate produced by glycolysis. 
E)  Regulating early steps conserves cellular fuels.

Exam 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

What is one potential fate for a proton in the mitochondrial matrix?

When a molecule is reduced, it ____.

Fermentation bypasses _____.

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH2?

If during a chemical reaction, a molecule loses hydrogens, it could be described as being oxidized.

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ____.

The initial step of glycolysis involves the ____ of glucose.

After one minute without oxygen, brain cells begin to die. After three minutes, this damage is likely to cause severe neurological deficits. The dependence of brain cells on oxygen for survival indicates that these cells are ____.

Compared to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the mitochondrial matrix could be described as having ____ pH and _____ pyruvate concentration.

Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Provide two examples of feedback inhibition.

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____.

When ATP levels are high, which enzyme's activity will be directly decreased by feedback inhibition?

The oxidation of which macromolecule yields the most energy by weight?

The Warburg effect is the observation that cancer cells produce energy using a high rate of glycolysis followed by fermentation rather than oxidative phosphorylation. Although the exact cause is still under investigation, which explanation is most plausible?

Products of fermentation include NADH and FADH2.

What is the proton-motive force?

Explain why FADH2generates less ATP than NADH.

Which molecule stimulates phosphofructokinase to increase the flow of intermediates through glycolysis?

Citrate synthase, the first enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is regulated by ATP concentrations. Why is early regulation of ATP production the most beneficial method for the cell?

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH₂?

Compared to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the mitochondrial matrix could be described as having pH and _ pyruvate concentration.

Products of fermentation include NADH and FADH₂.

Explain why FADH₂generates less ATP than NADH.