Question 1

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  ATP 
C)  carbon dioxide 
D)  oxygen 
E)  hydrogen 
A)  water 
B)  ATP 
C)  carbon dioxide 
D)  oxygen 
E)  hydrogen

Question 2

Anaerobic respiration produces ATP by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis only 
B)  glycolysis and the Krebs only 
C)  glycolysis, the Krebs, and electron transport chain with inorganic molecules as a final acceptor 
D)  glycolysis, the Krebs, and electron transport chain with organic molecules as a final acceptor 
E)  electron transport chain with organic molecules as a final acceptor only 
A)  glycolysis only 
B)  glycolysis and the Krebs only 
C)  glycolysis, the Krebs, and electron transport chain with inorganic molecules as a final acceptor 
D)  glycolysis, the Krebs, and electron transport chain with organic molecules as a final acceptor 
E)  electron transport chain with organic molecules as a final acceptor only

Question 3

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase.

Accepted Answer

A)  basal unit 
B)  headpiece 
C)  stalk 
D)  lollipop 
E)  three catalytic sites 
A)  basal unit 
B)  headpiece 
C)  stalk 
D)  lollipop 
E)  three catalytic sites

Question 4

Which molecule(s) is/are responsible for delivering the high energy electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH only 
B)  FADH2only 
C)  Both NADH and FADH2 
D)  Cyt C and Q 
E)  ATP and ADP 
A)  NADH only 
B)  FADH2only 
C)  Both NADH and FADH2 
D)  Cyt C and Q 
E)  ATP and ADP

Question 5

Match between columns
                        Premises: serves as an electron carrier between complexes
serves as an acetyl group carrier
serves as an electron carrier and is reduced throughout respiration
serves as an electron carrier and is oxidized in Complex II for oxidative phosphorylation
serves as an electron carrier and is oxidized in Complex I for oxidative phosphorylation

Accepted Answer

The Answer of NADS1U1P1+S1S1P0 and CoA and NADH and CoQ is...

Question 6

What are the functions of cytochrome c and ubiquinone?

Accepted Answer

A)  They translocate protons from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space. 
B)  They shuttle electrons between the protein complexes. 
C)  They synthesize water from molecular oxygen. 
D)  They produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  They produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. 
A)  They translocate protons from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space. 
B)  They shuttle electrons between the protein complexes. 
C)  They synthesize water from molecular oxygen. 
D)  They produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  They produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 7

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+. What is the purpose of this step?

Accepted Answer

A)  to replenish the supplies of NAD+ 
B)  to replenish free CoA 
C)  to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule 
D)  to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 
E)  to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  to replenish the supplies of NAD+ 
B)  to replenish free CoA 
C)  to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule 
D)  to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 
E)  to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

Free radicals, highly reactive species with unpaired electrons that damage molecules and cells, and can contribute to aging. Coenzyme Q (also known as ubiquinone or CoQ) is often found in lotions and moisturizers. Given what you know about the role of CoQ in cellular respiration, why would it be added to these products?

Accepted Answer

A)  It recruits free radicals to help increase the rate of glycolysis in skin cells. 
B)  It absorbs free radicals that can cause damage to skin cells. 
C)  Removing free radicals decreases the rate of metabolism and slows growth of skin cells. 
D)  It allows for the regeneration of new skin cells. 
E)  It drives the spontaneous death of older skin cells that have accumulated too many free radicals. 
A)  It recruits free radicals to help increase the rate of glycolysis in skin cells. 
B)  It absorbs free radicals that can cause damage to skin cells. 
C)  Removing free radicals decreases the rate of metabolism and slows growth of skin cells. 
D)  It allows for the regeneration of new skin cells. 
E)  It drives the spontaneous death of older skin cells that have accumulated too many free radicals.

Question 9

When the H+concentration is significantly higher in the mitochondrial matrix than the intermembrane space, ATP synthase would ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  require an ion to stabilize it 
B)  no longer function properly 
C)  hydrolyze ATP to form ADP to pump protons out of the matrix 
D)  generate ATP to pump protons into the matrix 
E)  be uncoupled from the electron transport chain 
A)  require an ion to stabilize it 
B)  no longer function properly 
C)  hydrolyze ATP to form ADP to pump protons out of the matrix 
D)  generate ATP to pump protons into the matrix 
E)  be uncoupled from the electron transport chain

Question 10

Glucose biosynthesis is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  glyconeogenesis 
B)  fatty acid oxidation 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  pentose phosphate pathway 
E)  gluconeogenesis 
A)  glyconeogenesis 
B)  fatty acid oxidation 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  pentose phosphate pathway 
E)  gluconeogenesis

Question 11

The enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing glucose into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) are found in which part of the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytosol 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  rough ER 
D)  nucleus 
E)  cell membrane 
A)  cytosol 
B)  mitochondria 
C)  rough ER 
D)  nucleus 
E)  cell membrane

Question 12

In the process of aerobic metabolism, carbon containing molecules are broken down and the energy from the electrons is used to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  directly supply the energy needs of an organism 
B)  alter enzyme structure 
C)  generate a proton gradient 
D)  heat the organism in a cold environment 
E)  supply heat to stored fat 
A)  directly supply the energy needs of an organism 
B)  alter enzyme structure 
C)  generate a proton gradient 
D)  heat the organism in a cold environment 
E)  supply heat to stored fat

Question 13

Glycolysis yields a net of 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A patient with a mitochondrial disease is found to have a mutation in Gene X. A homologous gene in a Drosophila (fruit fly), did not cause a similar deficit. What does this suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gene X is highly conserved between humans and Drosophila. 
B)  Gene X is not conserved between humans and Drosophila. 
C)  Gene X is encoded in nuclear DNA. 
D)  Gene X is encoded in mitochondrial DNA. 
E)  Gene X is a redundant protein in Drosophila. 
A)  Gene X is highly conserved between humans and Drosophila. 
B)  Gene X is not conserved between humans and Drosophila. 
C)  Gene X is encoded in nuclear DNA. 
D)  Gene X is encoded in mitochondrial DNA. 
E)  Gene X is a redundant protein in Drosophila.

Question 15

Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose?

Accepted Answer

A)  25% 
B)  33% 
C)  45% 
D)  50% 
E)  80% 
A)  25% 
B)  33% 
C)  45% 
D)  50% 
E)  80%

Question 17

Which enzyme in the glycolytic pathway acts as a switch that can be regulated by ATP, AMP, and citrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  pyruvate kinase 
B)  triosephosphate isomerase 
C)  aldolase 
D)  ATP synthase 
E)  phosphofructokinase 
A)  pyruvate kinase 
B)  triosephosphate isomerase 
C)  aldolase 
D)  ATP synthase 
E)  phosphofructokinase

Question 18

A toxic substance has been found to inhibit glucose transport into mammalian cells. If this substance is administered to a hamster, the likely cause of death would be a lack of ____ production.

Accepted Answer

A)  NAD+ 
B)  ATP 
C)  GTP 
D)  CO2 
E)  FAD 
A)  NAD+ 
B)  ATP 
C)  GTP 
D)  CO2 
E)  FAD

Question 19

We study cellular respiration because it is one of the most important pathways in biology. In fact, nearly all carbohydrates at some point in their catabolism are directed through cellular respiration. Why is it unnecessary to have multiple independent pathways to break down different molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  Using cellular respiration is theoretically the most efficient way to break down sugars and other molecules. 
B)  Oxygen must be used in the breakdown of all molecules in order to yield ATP. 
C)  Greater complexity would lead to an eventual failure of the biological system. 
D)  Most biological cells only catabolize one or two different types of sugars and only need one main pathway. 
E)  Energy-containing macromolecules can be converted to products that can enter at various points in the cellular respiration pathway. 
A)  Using cellular respiration is theoretically the most efficient way to break down sugars and other molecules. 
B)  Oxygen must be used in the breakdown of all molecules in order to yield ATP. 
C)  Greater complexity would lead to an eventual failure of the biological system. 
D)  Most biological cells only catabolize one or two different types of sugars and only need one main pathway. 
E)  Energy-containing macromolecules can be converted to products that can enter at various points in the cellular respiration pathway.

Question 20

During glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down by breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are present and forming carbon-oxygen bonds. In this process, glucose is ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  partially oxidized 
B)  partially reduced 
C)  completely oxidized 
D)  completely reduced 
E)  hydrolyzed 
A)  partially oxidized 
B)  partially reduced 
C)  completely oxidized 
D)  completely reduced 
E)  hydrolyzed

Exam 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in respiration?

Anaerobic respiration produces ATP by _____.

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase.

Which molecule(s) is/are responsible for delivering the high energy electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain?

What are the functions of cytochrome c and ubiquinone?

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+. What is the purpose of this step?

When the H+concentration is significantly higher in the mitochondrial matrix than the intermembrane space, ATP synthase would ____.

Glucose biosynthesis is called _____.

The enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing glucose into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) are found in which part of the cell?

In the process of aerobic metabolism, carbon containing molecules are broken down and the energy from the electrons is used to ____.

Glycolysis yields a net of 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.

A patient with a mitochondrial disease is found to have a mutation in Gene X. A homologous gene in a Drosophila (fruit fly), did not cause a similar deficit. What does this suggest?

Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria.

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose?

Which enzyme in the glycolytic pathway acts as a switch that can be regulated by ATP, AMP, and citrate?

A toxic substance has been found to inhibit glucose transport into mammalian cells. If this substance is administered to a hamster, the likely cause of death would be a lack of ____ production.

We study cellular respiration because it is one of the most important pathways in biology. In fact, nearly all carbohydrates at some point in their catabolism are directed through cellular respiration. Why is it unnecessary to have multiple independent pathways to break down different molecules?

During glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down by breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are present and forming carbon-oxygen bonds. In this process, glucose is ____.

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD⁺. What is the purpose of this step?

When the H⁺concentration is significantly higher in the mitochondrial matrix than the intermembrane space, ATP synthase would ____.