Question 1

Under conditions of illness or injury, third spacing can take place within the peritoneal cavity, causing the condition known as _____

Accepted Answer

A) peritonitis 
B) hypovolemia 
C) hyperkalemia 
D) ascites 
A) peritonitis 
B) hypovolemia 
C) hyperkalemia 
D) ascites

Question 2

Case Study 
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
-Why are Mr M's Na and Cl low?

Accepted Answer

A) because he has not consumed enough foods that are rich in Na and Cl 
B) because of the effect of the P and K on these electrolytes 
C) because he is excreting too much fluid 
D) because he is retaining too much fluid 
A) because he has not consumed enough foods that are rich in Na and Cl 
B) because of the effect of the P and K on these electrolytes 
C) because he is excreting too much fluid 
D) because he is retaining too much fluid

Question 3

What part of the brain stimulates an individual to increase his or her fluid intake?

Accepted Answer

A) pineal gland 
B) hypothalamus 
C) medulla oblongata 
D) hippocampus 
A) pineal gland 
B) hypothalamus 
C) medulla oblongata 
D) hippocampus

Question 4

How would a high-protein diet affect the need for fluid?

Accepted Answer

A) The extra protein increases the renal solute load, which in turn would increase fluid requirements. 
B) It would decrease the amount of fluid needed. 
C) It would cause liver damage. 
D) Protein intake is unrelated to either renal solute load or fluid needs. 
A) The extra protein increases the renal solute load, which in turn would increase fluid requirements. 
B) It would decrease the amount of fluid needed. 
C) It would cause liver damage. 
D) Protein intake is unrelated to either renal solute load or fluid needs.

Question 5

When aldosterone is secreted, what is its role in electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

A) increases excretion of potassium by the kidney 
B) increases excretion of sodium by the kidney 
C) decreases reabsorption of sodium by the kidney 
D) decreases excretion of potassium by the pancreas 
A) increases excretion of potassium by the kidney 
B) increases excretion of sodium by the kidney 
C) decreases reabsorption of sodium by the kidney 
D) decreases excretion of potassium by the pancreas

Question 6

Which of the following statements is false regarding filtration?

Accepted Answer

A) It involves the movement of water and solutes. 
B) It is the process of fluids moving freely between fluid compartments. 
C) It is influenced by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. 
D) It involves the movement of plasma proteins and red blood cells. 
A) It involves the movement of water and solutes. 
B) It is the process of fluids moving freely between fluid compartments. 
C) It is influenced by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. 
D) It involves the movement of plasma proteins and red blood cells.

Question 7

The most common cause of hypervolemia is:

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in urine output. 
B) an increase in excretion of potassium. 
C) a decrease in urine output. 
D) inadequate excretion of potassium. 
A) an increase in urine output. 
B) an increase in excretion of potassium. 
C) a decrease in urine output. 
D) inadequate excretion of potassium.

Question 8

Which of the following tests is used for assessing solute concentration in urine?

Accepted Answer

A) GFR 
B) UUN 
C) specific gravity 
D) creatinine clearance 
A) GFR 
B) UUN 
C) specific gravity 
D) creatinine clearance

Question 9

High levels of _____ stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

Accepted Answer

A) calcium 
B) vitamin D 
C) magnesium 
D) potassium 
A) calcium 
B) vitamin D 
C) magnesium 
D) potassium

Question 10

The hormone renin stimulates conversion of _____

Accepted Answer

A) angiotensin II to aldosterone 
B) angiotensin II to ADH 
C) angiotensin I to angiotensin II 
D) angiotensin I to aldolesterone 
A) angiotensin II to aldosterone 
B) angiotensin II to ADH 
C) angiotensin I to angiotensin II 
D) angiotensin I to aldolesterone

Question 11

Total body water accounts for an average of _____ of weight in females

Accepted Answer

A) 70% 
B) 50% 
C) 60% 
D) 80% 
A) 70% 
B) 50% 
C) 60% 
D) 80%

Question 12

Sodium and fluid homeostasis is controlled primarily by which two hormones?

Accepted Answer

A) thyroxin and glucagon 
B) insulin and glucagon 
C) estrogen and testosterone 
D) aldosterone and vasopressin 
A) thyroxin and glucagon 
B) insulin and glucagon 
C) estrogen and testosterone 
D) aldosterone and vasopressin

Question 13

Case Study 
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
-One of the reasons for his high P could be:

Accepted Answer

A) the P restriction is altering the levels in the blood. 
B) high PTH. 
C) low Ca. 
D) high K. 
A) the P restriction is altering the levels in the blood. 
B) high PTH. 
C) low Ca. 
D) high K.

Question 14

Obligatory urine excretion is estimated to be approximately:

Accepted Answer

A) 1000 mL. 
B) 500 mL. 
C) It cannot be estimated. 
D) It will vary widely from patient to patient. 
A) 1000 mL. 
B) 500 mL. 
C) It cannot be estimated. 
D) It will vary widely from patient to patient.

Question 15

When cells are exposed to _____ solutions, fluid moves out of the cell to maintain equilibrium, resulting in cellular _____

Accepted Answer

A) hypertonic, dehydration 
B) hypotonic, dehydration 
C) hypertonic, swelling 
D) hypotonic, swelling 
A) hypertonic, dehydration 
B) hypotonic, dehydration 
C) hypertonic, swelling 
D) hypotonic, swelling

Question 16

Excessive renal losses are seen in which of the following diseases/conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) osteoporosis 
B) type 2 diabetes 
C) rheumatoid arthritis 
D) cancer 
A) osteoporosis 
B) type 2 diabetes 
C) rheumatoid arthritis 
D) cancer

Question 17

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is:

Accepted Answer

A) an increase of excretion of calcium. 
B) inadequate excretion of potassium. 
C) an increase in excretion of potassium. 
D) inadequate excretion of calcium. 
A) an increase of excretion of calcium. 
B) inadequate excretion of potassium. 
C) an increase in excretion of potassium. 
D) inadequate excretion of calcium.

Question 18

What is the major cation found in ECF?

Accepted Answer

A) potassium 
B) calcium 
C) sodium 
D) magnesium 
A) potassium 
B) calcium 
C) sodium 
D) magnesium

Question 19

Which of the following is not a major electrolyte in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) potassium 
B) zinc 
C) magnesium 
D) calcium 
A) potassium 
B) zinc 
C) magnesium 
D) calcium

Exam 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Under conditions of illness or injury, third spacing can take place within the peritoneal cavity, causing the condition known as _____

What part of the brain stimulates an individual to increase his or her fluid intake?

How would a high-protein diet affect the need for fluid?

When aldosterone is secreted, what is its role in electrolyte balance?

Which of the following statements is false regarding filtration?

The most common cause of hypervolemia is:

Which of the following tests is used for assessing solute concentration in urine?

High levels of _____ stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

The hormone renin stimulates conversion of _____

Total body water accounts for an average of _____ of weight in females

Sodium and fluid homeostasis is controlled primarily by which two hormones?

Obligatory urine excretion is estimated to be approximately:

When cells are exposed to _____ solutions, fluid moves out of the cell to maintain equilibrium, resulting in cellular _____

Excessive renal losses are seen in which of the following diseases/conditions?

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is:

What is the major cation found in ECF?

Which of the following is not a major electrolyte in the body?

Role of the Dietitian in the Health Care System

The Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Assessment: Foundation of the Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Intervention

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support

Documentation of the Nutrition Care Process

Acid-Base Balance

Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury:The Role of the Immune System

Nutritional Genomics

Pharmacology

Energy Balance and Body Weight

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Diseases of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

Diseases of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Exocrine Pancreas

Diseases of the Endocrine System

Diseases of the Renal System

Diseases of the Hematological System

Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Metabolic Stress and the Critically Ill

Neoplastic Disease

Hiv and Aids

Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Metabolic Disorders

Filters

When cells are exposed to _ solutions, fluid moves out of the cell to maintain equilibrium, resulting in cellular _