Question 1

Compare how Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proved the heliocentric theory of Copernicus to be true.

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
Both Kepler and Galileo used empirical observation to prove the heliocentric theory to be true. Kepler observed that the planets moved in elliptical orbits and that the movements of those planets were not uniform. He used mathematics to prove what had only been a theory for Copernicus. Galileo also used empirical observation on the movement of objects to discern a law of inertia. Using a telescope, he also proved that Jupiter had moons and thus through observation proved that the universe was not a closed, perfect sphere in which everything revolves around the earth. Instead, Galileo observed that moons revolve around planets, and planets revolve around the sun.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions :
-Enlightenment

Accepted Answer

A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 
A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. E

Question 3

What did Adam Smith argue in his An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
A pioneer in the field of political economy, Adam Smith advocated free enterprise. His groundbreaking Wealth of Nations argued that government intervention in the economy was unnecessary and undesirable and that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would be sufficient to improve citizens' living conditions.

Question 4

Which of these was one of Galileo Galilei's greatest achievements?

Accepted Answer

A)  The formulation of the first heliocentric model of the universe 
B)  The formulation of the first geocentric model of the universe 
C)  The discovery of the moons of Jupiter 
D)  The discovery of the planet Pluto 
A)  The formulation of the first heliocentric model of the universe 
B)  The formulation of the first geocentric model of the universe 
C)  The discovery of the moons of Jupiter 
D)  The discovery of the planet Pluto

Question 5

In what way does this illustration reflect the intellectual change fostered by the Scientific Revolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  It depicts the view held by such people as Jean-Jacques Rousseau that females should take equal part in scientific pursuits. 
B)  It debunks the long-held Aristotelian argument that the earth was at the center of the universe. 
C)  It reinforces the Aristotelian belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 
D)  It depicts the widely held belief that the pursuit of science should be a leisurely exercise as opposed to a serious scholarly endeavor. 
A)  It depicts the view held by such people as Jean-Jacques Rousseau that females should take equal part in scientific pursuits. 
B)  It debunks the long-held Aristotelian argument that the earth was at the center of the universe. 
C)  It reinforces the Aristotelian belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 
D)  It depicts the widely held belief that the pursuit of science should be a leisurely exercise as opposed to a serious scholarly endeavor.

Question 6

How did reading habits change during the Enlightenment? What were some of the causes of those changes?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
The most i

Question 7

Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals should not have to obey laws that are unjust. 
B)  Individuals must have the right to full and total free speech. 
C)  Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print. 
D)  Only through revolution could meaningful change be effected. 
A)  Individuals should not have to obey laws that are unjust. 
B)  Individuals must have the right to full and total free speech. 
C)  Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print. 
D)  Only through revolution could meaningful change be effected.

Question 8

How did Andreas Vesalius use the experimental approach in medicine?

Accepted Answer

A)  He tested various chemical effects on illness. 
B)  He studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies. 
C)  He exposed human subjects to various illnesses to measure their effects. 
D)  He undertook experiments to discover the basic elements of nature. 
A)  He tested various chemical effects on illness. 
B)  He studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies. 
C)  He exposed human subjects to various illnesses to measure their effects. 
D)  He undertook experiments to discover the basic elements of nature.

Question 9

Tycho Brahe is best known for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  His discovery of Pluto and its moons 
B)  His mathematical genius in star mapping 
C)  His improvement of the astronomical telescope 
D)  His massive collection of astronomical data 
A)  His discovery of Pluto and its moons 
B)  His mathematical genius in star mapping 
C)  His improvement of the astronomical telescope 
D)  His massive collection of astronomical data

Question 10

Baruch Spinoza believed that God was the same thing as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humanity 
B)  Mathematics 
C)  The sun 
D)  Nature 
A)  Humanity 
B)  Mathematics 
C)  The sun 
D)  Nature

Question 11

How sincere were Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great about their commitment to Enlightenment thinking? What were the limits of their "enlightened" rule?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include:
Both monar

Question 12

Which of these was Montesquieu's most famous work?

Accepted Answer

A)  Principia 
B)  Candide 
C)  The Encyclopedia 
D)  The Spirit of the Laws 
A)  Principia 
B)  Candide 
C)  The Encyclopedia 
D)  The Spirit of the Laws

Question 13

What did David Hume believe about ideas?

Accepted Answer

A)  They can be proved or disproved based on faith. 
B)  They are the same for everyone regardless of experience. 
C)  They originate only in the mind of God. 
D)  They can only reflect one's sensory experience. 
A)  They can be proved or disproved based on faith. 
B)  They are the same for everyone regardless of experience. 
C)  They originate only in the mind of God. 
D)  They can only reflect one's sensory experience.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions :
-sensationalism

Accepted Answer

A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 
A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question 15

Based on this illustration of an Enlightenment-era salon, in what way did Madame Geoffrin flout the gender norms of her day, such as those advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Accepted Answer

A)  She appears as a rather passive participant in an age when most people believed women should actively engage in intellectual pursuits. 
B)  She is facilitating the salon, which Rousseau and others believed was an unnatural role for women. 
C)  Her expression and posture suggest that her views diverged widely from those of her male counterparts. 
D)  Her manner of dress suggests that she continued to adhere to the outdated notion that a woman's primary role was to attract male sexual desire. 
A)  She appears as a rather passive participant in an age when most people believed women should actively engage in intellectual pursuits. 
B)  She is facilitating the salon, which Rousseau and others believed was an unnatural role for women. 
C)  Her expression and posture suggest that her views diverged widely from those of her male counterparts. 
D)  Her manner of dress suggests that she continued to adhere to the outdated notion that a woman's primary role was to attract male sexual desire.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions :
-general will

Accepted Answer

A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 
A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions :
-empiricism

Accepted Answer

A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 
A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Question 18

What does Galileo's law of inertia state?

Accepted Answer

A)  That motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object 
B)  That the heavier an object is, the more time it takes to speed up and slow down 
C)  That all objects will stop once the external force pushing them stops 
D)  That an object's density of mass determines the speed at which it will move 
A)  That motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object 
B)  That the heavier an object is, the more time it takes to speed up and slow down 
C)  That all objects will stop once the external force pushing them stops 
D)  That an object's density of mass determines the speed at which it will move

Question 19

How did Johannes Kepler refine the Copernican model of the solar system?

Accepted Answer

A)  He added epicycles and mini-epicycles to orbits. 
B)  He compared it to a clockwork machine. 
C)  He hypothesized elliptical orbits for the planets. 
D)  He proved that planets orbit at a uniform speed. 
A)  He added epicycles and mini-epicycles to orbits. 
B)  He compared it to a clockwork machine. 
C)  He hypothesized elliptical orbits for the planets. 
D)  He proved that planets orbit at a uniform speed.

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions :
-Haskalah

Accepted Answer

A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. 
A) The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. 
B) A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. 
C) Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
D) A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation. 
E) An intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference.
F)An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
G)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.
H)Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many Enlightenment thinkers.
I)A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.
J)The theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market would lead to rising prosperity and greater social equality, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
K)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, took up the call to reform their governments in accordance with the rational and humane principles of the Enlightenment.
L)A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
M)The controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land.
N)Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant dwellings and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in eighteenth-century Europe.
O)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, and political issues.
P)Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Exam 19: New Worldviews and Ways of Life, 1540-1790

Compare how Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proved the heliocentric theory of Copernicus to be true.

Use the following to answer questions : -Enlightenment

What did Adam Smith argue in his An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?

Which of these was one of Galileo Galilei's greatest achievements?

In what way does this illustration reflect the intellectual change fostered by the Scientific Revolution?

How did reading habits change during the Enlightenment? What were some of the causes of those changes?

Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of the Enlightenment?

How did Andreas Vesalius use the experimental approach in medicine?

Tycho Brahe is best known for which of the following?

Baruch Spinoza believed that God was the same thing as which of the following?

How sincere were Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great about their commitment to Enlightenment thinking? What were the limits of their "enlightened" rule?

Which of these was Montesquieu's most famous work?

What did David Hume believe about ideas?

Use the following to answer questions : -sensationalism

Based on this illustration of an Enlightenment-era salon, in what way did Madame Geoffrin flout the gender norms of her day, such as those advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Use the following to answer questions : -general will

Use the following to answer questions : -empiricism

What does Galileo's law of inertia state?

How did Johannes Kepler refine the Copernican model of the solar system?

Use the following to answer questions : -Haskalah

The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 Bce

Complex Societies in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley, 3800-500 Bce

The Foundation of Indian Society, to 300 Ce

Chinas Classical Age, to 221 Bce

The Greek Experience, 3500-30 Bce

The World of Rome, Ca 1000 Bce-400 Ce

East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, 221 Bce-845 Ce

Continuity and Change in Europe and Western Asia, 250-850

The Islamic World, 600-1400

African Societies and Kingdoms, 1000 Bce-1500 Ce

The Americas, 3200 Bce-1500 Ce

Cultural Exchange in Central and Southern Asia, 300-1400

States and Cultures in East Asia, 800-1400

Europe and Western Asia in the Middle Ages, 800-1450

Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600

The Acceleration of Global Contact, 1450-1600

The Islamic World Powers, 1300-1800

European Power and Expansion, 1500-1750

Africa and the World, 1400-1800

Continuity and Change in East Asia, 1400-1800

Revolutions in the Atlantic World, 1775-1825

The Revolution in Energy and Industry, 1760-1850

Ideologies of Change in Europe, 1815-1914

Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and the New Imperialism, 1800-1914

Asia and the Pacific in the Era of Imperialism, 1800-1914

The Americas in the Age of Liberalism, 1810-1917

World War and Revolution, 1914-1929

Nationalism in Asia, 1914-1939

The Great Depression and World War Ii, 1929-1945

Review

Liberalization, 1968-2000s

The Contemporary World in Historical Perspective

20th Century Global Issues and Developments

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