Question 1

What characteristic is common to all individuals with cerebral palsy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some loss of cognitive function 
B)  One or more types of seizure 
C)  Serious multiple communication difficulties 
D)  Some degree of motor disability 
A)  Some loss of cognitive function 
B)  One or more types of seizure 
C)  Serious multiple communication difficulties 
D)  Some degree of motor disability

Question 2

Which of the following is used to confirm the diagnosis of, and classify, seizures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Characteristics of the aura 
B)  Presence of precipitating factors 
C)  Electroencephalogram 
D)  Changes in the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid 
A)  Characteristics of the aura 
B)  Presence of precipitating factors 
C)  Electroencephalogram 
D)  Changes in the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

Vertebral fractures are classified as:

Accepted Answer

A)  simple, compression, wedge, dislocation. 
B)  compound, open, closed, shattered. 
C)  complex, torsion, open, multiple. 
D)  pressure, complex, simple, variable. 
A)  simple, compression, wedge, dislocation. 
B)  compound, open, closed, shattered. 
C)  complex, torsion, open, multiple. 
D)  pressure, complex, simple, variable.

Question 4

In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain 
B)  In the dura mater and epidural space 
C)  At the site of the injury or entry point of the microbes 
D)  Primarily around the spinal cord 
A)  In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain 
B)  In the dura mater and epidural space 
C)  At the site of the injury or entry point of the microbes 
D)  Primarily around the spinal cord

Question 5

What is the best definition of aphasia?

Accepted Answer

A)  The inability to comprehend or express language appropriately 
B)  Difficulty swallowing 
C)  Loss of the visual field contralateral to the area of damage 
D)  The inability to articulate words clearly 
A)  The inability to comprehend or express language appropriately 
B)  Difficulty swallowing 
C)  Loss of the visual field contralateral to the area of damage 
D)  The inability to articulate words clearly

Question 6

What are the characteristic changes in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction 
B)  Increased acetylcholine (ACh) and decreased GABA and serotonin levels 
C)  Obstruction of many small arteries and arterioles throughout the cerebral cortex 
D)  Vacuoles forming in the neurons, rapidly destroying them 
A)  Cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction 
B)  Increased acetylcholine (ACh) and decreased GABA and serotonin levels 
C)  Obstruction of many small arteries and arterioles throughout the cerebral cortex 
D)  Vacuoles forming in the neurons, rapidly destroying them

Question 7

From the following, choose the two events (in correct sequence) that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event:

Accepted Answer

A)  Prodromal signs, then the clonic stage 
B)  Clonic stage, then the tonic stage 
C)  Loss of consciousness, then the tonic stage 
D)  Loss of consciousness and cessation of respiration 
A)  Prodromal signs, then the clonic stage 
B)  Clonic stage, then the tonic stage 
C)  Loss of consciousness, then the tonic stage 
D)  Loss of consciousness and cessation of respiration

Question 8

Following a spinal injury at C5, what is the expected effect during the period of spinal shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spastic paralysis below the level of the injury 
B)  Urinary incontinence 
C)  Possible periods of apnea 
D)  Normal blood pressure 
A)  Spastic paralysis below the level of the injury 
B)  Urinary incontinence 
C)  Possible periods of apnea 
D)  Normal blood pressure

Question 9

What are the significant early signs of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impaired speech and muscle weakness 
B)  Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia 
C)  Abnormal sensations and tremors 
D)  Vomiting and visual abnormalities 
A)  Impaired speech and muscle weakness 
B)  Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia 
C)  Abnormal sensations and tremors 
D)  Vomiting and visual abnormalities

Question 10

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)?

Accepted Answer

A)  They usually cause necrosis and permanent brain damage. 
B)  They may be caused by rupture of an aneurysm or a damaged artery. 
C)  They usually indicate systemic hypertension. 
D)  They can warn of potential cerebrovascular accidents. 
A)  They usually cause necrosis and permanent brain damage. 
B)  They may be caused by rupture of an aneurysm or a damaged artery. 
C)  They usually indicate systemic hypertension. 
D)  They can warn of potential cerebrovascular accidents.

Question 11

Which statement applies to Huntington's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. 
B)  It is manifested in individuals by age 20 years. 
C)  It presents with choreiform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate. 
D)  It causes decreased levels of all neurotransmitters in the CNS. 
A)  It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. 
B)  It is manifested in individuals by age 20 years. 
C)  It presents with choreiform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate. 
D)  It causes decreased levels of all neurotransmitters in the CNS.

Question 12

What is the pathophysiological change in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Degeneration of motor fibers in the pyramidal tracts 
B)  Excess secretion of stimulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS 
C)  Degeneration of the basal nuclei with a deficit of dopamine 
D)  Deficit of acetylcholine and degeneration of the motor cortex in the frontal lobe 
A)  Degeneration of motor fibers in the pyramidal tracts 
B)  Excess secretion of stimulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS 
C)  Degeneration of the basal nuclei with a deficit of dopamine 
D)  Deficit of acetylcholine and degeneration of the motor cortex in the frontal lobe

Question 13

What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unexpected drop in blood pressure and apnea 
B)  Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia 
C)  Hyperreflexia in the arms and legs 
D)  Urinary and bowel incontinence 
A)  Unexpected drop in blood pressure and apnea 
B)  Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia 
C)  Hyperreflexia in the arms and legs 
D)  Urinary and bowel incontinence

Question 14

Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of "brain death"?

Accepted Answer

A)  No activity on EEG 
B)  Absence of all reflexes 
C)  No spontaneous respirations 
D)  Presence of any head injury 
A)  No activity on EEG 
B)  Absence of all reflexes 
C)  No spontaneous respirations 
D)  Presence of any head injury

Question 15

The ataxic form of cerebral palsy results from damage to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebellum. 
B)  motor cortex. 
C)  basal nuclei. 
D)  pyramidal tracts. 
A)  cerebellum. 
B)  motor cortex. 
C)  basal nuclei. 
D)  pyramidal tracts.

Question 16

Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an ascending tract. 
B)  The nerve fibers conduct sensory impulses. 
C)  It is an extrapyramidal tract. 
D)  It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses. 
A)  It is an ascending tract. 
B)  The nerve fibers conduct sensory impulses. 
C)  It is an extrapyramidal tract. 
D)  It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses.

Question 17

Which of the following is the usual location of language centers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Left hemisphere 
B)  Right hemisphere 
C)  Brainstem 
D)  Hypothalamus 
A)  Left hemisphere 
B)  Right hemisphere 
C)  Brainstem 
D)  Hypothalamus

Question 18

What does the term otorrhea mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bleeding from the nose. 
B)  CSF leaking from the ear. 
C)  Torn meninges but no skull fracture. 
D)  Hemorrhage from the ear. 
A)  Bleeding from the nose. 
B)  CSF leaking from the ear. 
C)  Torn meninges but no skull fracture. 
D)  Hemorrhage from the ear.

Question 19

Which type of fracture typically occurs at the base of the skull?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depressed 
B)  Contrecoup 
C)  Comminuted 
D)  Basilar 
A)  Depressed 
B)  Contrecoup 
C)  Comminuted 
D)  Basilar

Question 20

What is the rationale for vomiting in a patient who has increased intracranial pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemoreceptors responding to changes in the blood 
B)  Pressure extending to spinal nerves 
C)  Pressure on the emetic center in the medulla 
D)  Stimuli to the hypothalamic center for hunger and thirst 
A)  Chemoreceptors responding to changes in the blood 
B)  Pressure extending to spinal nerves 
C)  Pressure on the emetic center in the medulla 
D)  Stimuli to the hypothalamic center for hunger and thirst

Exam 14: Neurological Disorders

What characteristic is common to all individuals with cerebral palsy?

Which of the following is used to confirm the diagnosis of, and classify, seizures?

Vertebral fractures are classified as:

In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form?

What is the best definition of aphasia?

What are the characteristic changes in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

From the following, choose the two events (in correct sequence) that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event:

Following a spinal injury at C5, what is the expected effect during the period of spinal shock?

What are the significant early signs of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm?

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)?

Which statement applies to Huntington's disease?

What is the pathophysiological change in Parkinson's disease?

What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury?

Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of "brain death"?

The ataxic form of cerebral palsy results from damage to the:

Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract?

Which of the following is the usual location of language centers?

What does the term otorrhea mean?

Which type of fracture typically occurs at the base of the skull?

What is the rationale for vomiting in a patient who has increased intracranial pressure?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications Due to Pregnancy

Complications Due to Adolescence

Complications Due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

Filters