Question 1

If a low-land resident ascends to a high mountain altitude, which of the following would be stimulated first?

Accepted Answer

A)  peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaCO2 
B)  peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2 
C)  central chemoreceptors due to increase in H+ in CSF 
D)  central chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2 
A)  peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaCO2 
B)  peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2 
C)  central chemoreceptors due to increase in H+ in CSF 
D)  central chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2

Question 2

What is the term for prolonged breathing in the inspiratory phase which can result from a pontine lesion?

Accepted Answer

A)  apnea 
B)  dyspnea 
C)  arrhythmic breathing 
D)  apneustic breathing 
A)  apnea 
B)  dyspnea 
C)  arrhythmic breathing 
D)  apneustic breathing

Question 3

Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located?
I. Muscles
II. Tendons
III. Joints
IV. Pain receptors in skin and muscles

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, and IV only 
B)  I and II only 
C)  I, II, and IV only 
D)  I, II, III, and IV 
A)  II, III, and IV only 
B)  I and II only 
C)  I, II, and IV only 
D)  I, II, III, and IV

Question 4

When J-receptors are stimulated, what response is triggered?

Accepted Answer

A)  slow, deep breathing pattern 
B)  rapid, shallow breathing pattern 
C)  slow inspiration with breath hold 
D)  rapid, deep breathing pattern 
A)  slow, deep breathing pattern 
B)  rapid, shallow breathing pattern 
C)  slow inspiration with breath hold 
D)  rapid, deep breathing pattern

Question 5

What separates the blood from the CSF in the medulla?

Accepted Answer

A)  a semipermeable membrane called the blood-brain barrier 
B)  a membrane that is permeable to H+ and bicarbonate ions 
C)  nothing-they are in direct contact 
D)  a thick gelatinous membrane that is impermeable to CO2 molecules 
A)  a semipermeable membrane called the blood-brain barrier 
B)  a membrane that is permeable to H+ and bicarbonate ions 
C)  nothing-they are in direct contact 
D)  a thick gelatinous membrane that is impermeable to CO2 molecules

Question 6

Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier?
I. CO2 molecules
II. Bicarbonate ions
III. H+ ions

Accepted Answer

A)  I only 
B)  II and III only 
C)  I and III only 
D)  II only 
A)  I only 
B)  II and III only 
C)  I and III only 
D)  II only

Question 7

When a patient has a low PaO2  with a chronically high PaCO2 , how is ventilation exclusively controlled?

Accepted Answer

A)  by the apneustic center 
B)  by the central chemoreceptors 
C)  by the peripheral chemoreceptors 
D)  by the VRG and DRG 
A)  by the apneustic center 
B)  by the central chemoreceptors 
C)  by the peripheral chemoreceptors 
D)  by the VRG and DRG

Question 8

The stimulus for a second wind is associated with which phenomena? 
I. Lactic acid
II. Endorphins
III. Cold temperature
IV. Confidence and pride

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II only 
B)  I, II, III, and IV 
C)  I, II, and IV only 
D)  II and III only 
A)  I and II only 
B)  I, II, III, and IV 
C)  I, II, and IV only 
D)  II and III only

Question 9

Which portion of the brain receives inhibitory signals from the Hering Breuer reflex?

Accepted Answer

A)  apneustic center 
B)  DRG 
C)  PRG 
D)  VRG 
A)  apneustic center 
B)  DRG 
C)  PRG 
D)  VRG

Question 10

Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the carotid body to the medulla?

Accepted Answer

A)  X cranial 
B)  IX cranial 
C)  phrenic 
D)  XI cranial 
A)  X cranial 
B)  IX cranial 
C)  phrenic 
D)  XI cranial

Question 11

Which receptors initiate reflexes in heart rate and breathing in response to changes in systemic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptors 
B)  peripheral proprioceptors 
C)  aortic bodies and carotid bodies 
D)  J-receptors 
A)  carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptors 
B)  peripheral proprioceptors 
C)  aortic bodies and carotid bodies 
D)  J-receptors

Question 12

What is the most powerful stimulus of the medullary respiratory centers?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased PaCO2 
B)  decreased PaCO2  in CSF 
C)  increased H+ in CSF 
D)  decreased PaO2 
A)  increased PaCO2 
B)  decreased PaCO2  in CSF 
C)  increased H+ in CSF 
D)  decreased PaO2

Question 13

Below what temperature in the bronchi and bronchioles is the Hering-Breuer reflex inactive?

Accepted Answer

A)  < 8 º C 
B)  < 8 º F 
C)  98.6 º F 
D)  37º C 
A)  < 8 º C 
B)  < 8 º F 
C)  98.6 º F 
D)  37º C

Question 14

What is the term for a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth?

Accepted Answer

A)  hiccup 
B)  cough 
C)  burp 
D)  sneeze 
A)  hiccup 
B)  cough 
C)  burp 
D)  sneeze

Question 15

In which of the following conditions would PaO2  be normal but CaO2  would be reduced?
I. Chronic anemia
II. CO poisoning
III. Methemoglobinemia

Accepted Answer

A)  I and III only 
B)  I only 
C)  I, II and III 
D)  I and II only 
A)  I and III only 
B)  I only 
C)  I, II and III 
D)  I and II only

Question 16

Where are the receptors associated with the Hering-Breuer reflex located?

Accepted Answer

A)  visceral pleura and walls of bronchi and bronchiole 
B)  intercostal spaces and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles 
C)  parietal pleura and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles 
D)  visceral pleura and walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles 
A)  visceral pleura and walls of bronchi and bronchiole 
B)  intercostal spaces and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles 
C)  parietal pleura and walls of the bronchi and bronchioles 
D)  visceral pleura and walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 17

Which portion of the brain smooths the transition between inspiration and expiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  DRG 
B)  PRG 
C)  apneustic center 
D)  VRG 
A)  DRG 
B)  PRG 
C)  apneustic center 
D)  VRG

Question 18

What is the primary stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  low PO2  of CSF 
B)  H+ concentration of CSF 
C)  changes in PaCO2 
D)  low PaO2 
A)  low PO2  of CSF 
B)  H+ concentration of CSF 
C)  changes in PaCO2 
D)  low PaO2

Question 19

Which of the following are causes of phrenic nerve injuries?
I. blunt trauma to the neck
II. apneustic breathing
III. brainstem stroke
IV. spinal cord tumor

Accepted Answer

A)  I, III, and IV only 
B)  I and II only 
C)  II and III only 
D)  III and IV only 
A)  I, III, and IV only 
B)  I and II only 
C)  II and III only 
D)  III and IV only

Question 20

Which of the following may occur when the lungs are exposed to noxious gases and the irritant reflex is activated?
I. Ventilatory rate increases
II. Reflex cough
III. Sneeze
IV. Bronchospasm

Accepted Answer

A)  I and III only. 
B)  I, II, III, and IV 
C)  I, II, and III only 
D)  I and III only 
A)  I and III only. 
B)  I, II, III, and IV 
C)  I, II, and III only 
D)  I and III only

If a low-land resident ascends to a high mountain altitude, which of the following would be stimulated first?

What is the term for prolonged breathing in the inspiratory phase which can result from a pontine lesion?

Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located? I. Muscles II. Tendons III. Joints IV. Pain receptors in skin and muscles

When J-receptors are stimulated, what response is triggered?

What separates the blood from the CSF in the medulla?

Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier? I. CO₂ molecules II. Bicarbonate ions III. H+ ions

When a patient has a low PaO₂ with a chronically high PaCO₂ , how is ventilation exclusively controlled?

The stimulus for a second wind is associated with which phenomena? I. Lactic acid II. Endorphins III. Cold temperature IV. Confidence and pride

Which portion of the brain receives inhibitory signals from the Hering Breuer reflex?

Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the carotid body to the medulla?

Which receptors initiate reflexes in heart rate and breathing in response to changes in systemic blood pressure?

What is the most powerful stimulus of the medullary respiratory centers?

Below what temperature in the bronchi and bronchioles is the Hering-Breuer reflex inactive?

What is the term for a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth?

In which of the following conditions would PaO₂ be normal but CaO₂ would be reduced? I. Chronic anemia II. CO poisoning III. Methemoglobinemia

Where are the receptors associated with the Hering-Breuer reflex located?

Which portion of the brain smooths the transition between inspiration and expiration?

What is the primary stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Which of the following are causes of phrenic nerve injuries? I. blunt trauma to the neck II. apneustic breathing III. brainstem stroke IV. spinal cord tumor

Which of the following may occur when the lungs are exposed to noxious gases and the irritant reflex is activated? I. Ventilatory rate increases II. Reflex cough III. Sneeze IV. Bronchospasm

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respitory System

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

The Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Acid-Base Balance and Regulation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Fetal Development and the Cardiopulmonary System

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Electrophysiology of the Heart

The Standard 12-Ecg Lead System

Ecg Interpretation

Hemodynamic Measurements

Renal Failure and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Sleep Physiology and Its Relationship to the Cardiopulmonary System

Exercise and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

High Altitude and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

High Pressure Environments and Their Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Exam 9: Control of Ventilation

If a low-land resident ascends to a high mountain altitude, which of the following would be stimulated first?

What is the term for prolonged breathing in the inspiratory phase which can result from a pontine lesion?

Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located? I. Muscles II. Tendons III. Joints IV. Pain receptors in skin and muscles

When J-receptors are stimulated, what response is triggered?

What separates the blood from the CSF in the medulla?

Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier? I. CO2 molecules II. Bicarbonate ions III. H+ ions

When a patient has a low PaO2 with a chronically high PaCO2 , how is ventilation exclusively controlled?

The stimulus for a second wind is associated with which phenomena? I. Lactic acid II. Endorphins III. Cold temperature IV. Confidence and pride

Which portion of the brain receives inhibitory signals from the Hering Breuer reflex?

Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the carotid body to the medulla?

Which receptors initiate reflexes in heart rate and breathing in response to changes in systemic blood pressure?

What is the most powerful stimulus of the medullary respiratory centers?

Below what temperature in the bronchi and bronchioles is the Hering-Breuer reflex inactive?

What is the term for a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth?

In which of the following conditions would PaO2 be normal but CaO2 would be reduced? I. Chronic anemia II. CO poisoning III. Methemoglobinemia

Where are the receptors associated with the Hering-Breuer reflex located?

Which portion of the brain smooths the transition between inspiration and expiration?

What is the primary stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Which of the following are causes of phrenic nerve injuries? I. blunt trauma to the neck II. apneustic breathing III. brainstem stroke IV. spinal cord tumor

Which of the following may occur when the lungs are exposed to noxious gases and the irritant reflex is activated? I. Ventilatory rate increases II. Reflex cough III. Sneeze IV. Bronchospasm

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respitory System

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

The Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Acid-Base Balance and Regulation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Fetal Development and the Cardiopulmonary System

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Electrophysiology of the Heart

The Standard 12-Ecg Lead System

Ecg Interpretation

Hemodynamic Measurements

Renal Failure and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Sleep Physiology and Its Relationship to the Cardiopulmonary System

Exercise and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

High Altitude and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

High Pressure Environments and Their Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier? I. CO₂ molecules II. Bicarbonate ions III. H+ ions

When a patient has a low PaO₂ with a chronically high PaCO₂ , how is ventilation exclusively controlled?

In which of the following conditions would PaO₂ be normal but CaO₂ would be reduced? I. Chronic anemia II. CO poisoning III. Methemoglobinemia