Exam 9: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

A temporary, sensitive support structure set up to help children work in the zone of proximal development is called _____.

When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. Now at her third birthday, although she is making good progress, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn to speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is a _____.

Which of the following is an example of scaffolding?

Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used _____.

Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting _____.

Though studies comparing preschool children from various countries found some variations, what did they identify as the primary factor in development of theory of mind?

Three-year-old Theresa does not want to eat the hot dog her mother made because it has ketchup on it. Her mother wipes off the ketchup, but Theresa still will not eat it. This characteristic of preoperational thought, in which the child feels that a thing cannot be undone or restored, is known as _____.

_____ is the federally funded early-childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in disadvantaged children before first grade.

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of language is to _____.

The biggest long-term gains from intensive, early-intervention programs were seen in children from high-poverty neighborhoods.

Describe at least three factors that underlie high-quality early education.

Piaget introduced the concept of scaffolding, a learning process that involves mentors who guide the child.

Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom constitutes _____.

In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas.

The charting of new vocabulary words by associating them with already-known words is called fast-mapping.

Beginning around age 4, children go through a change in thinking that allows them to develop a set of ideas about other people's thinking; this new perspective indicates that the children have developed a(n) _____.

The four obstacles to logical thinking during the preoperational period include centration, focus on appearance, static reasoning, and _____.

Egocentrism is Piaget's term for a particular type of centration, in which the child thinks about the world from his or her own personal perspective.

According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors?

Children are more interested in asking questions about why adults behave in certain ways than in simply copying what adults do. This reveals that they are striving to develop _____ to understand the world.