Question 1

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

A)  loop of nephron → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule 
B)  glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule 
C)  glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron 
D)  proximal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule 
E)  distal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron 
A)  loop of nephron → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule 
B)  glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule 
C)  glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron 
D)  proximal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → loop of nephron → distal convoluted tubule 
E)  distal convoluted tubule → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of nephron

Question 2

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jackie could be suffering from edema. If so, the urine sample might contain protein or urea. 
B)  Jackie is probably drinking too much water. If so, the urine will be very dilute. 
C)  Jackie might be suffering from kidney stones and the doctor is looking for small stones in the urine. 
D)  Jackie could have an inactive bladder and the doctor wants to see if Jackie is capable of urinating. 
A)  Jackie could be suffering from edema. If so, the urine sample might contain protein or urea. 
B)  Jackie is probably drinking too much water. If so, the urine will be very dilute. 
C)  Jackie might be suffering from kidney stones and the doctor is looking for small stones in the urine. 
D)  Jackie could have an inactive bladder and the doctor wants to see if Jackie is capable of urinating.

Question 3

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The brain determines the need for urination from an internal clock. 
B)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses directly to the sphincters to cause urination. 
C)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine, causing a urinary reflex, but the brain can delay the reflex. 
D)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the brain that consciously decides to stimulate sphincters to relax. 
E)  Chemical receptors in the bladder detect urine concentration and trigger a reflex action. 
A)  The brain determines the need for urination from an internal clock. 
B)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses directly to the sphincters to cause urination. 
C)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder send impulses to the spine, causing a urinary reflex, but the brain can delay the reflex. 
D)  Stretch receptors in the urinary bladder directly send impulses to the brain that consciously decides to stimulate sphincters to relax. 
E)  Chemical receptors in the bladder detect urine concentration and trigger a reflex action.

Question 5

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney damage?

Accepted Answer

A)  urea in the urine 
B)  salts in the urine 
C)  uric acid in the urine 
D)  large amount of protein in the urine 
E)  dilute urine 
A)  urea in the urine 
B)  salts in the urine 
C)  uric acid in the urine 
D)  large amount of protein in the urine 
E)  dilute urine

Question 6

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?

Accepted Answer

A)  microvilli to increase surface area 
B)  smooth muscle to stretch as the volume inside increases 
C)  numerous mitochondria to allow active transport 
D)  loose connective tissue so that liquids can pass through the cells 
E)  many neurons to stimulate the cells to reabsorb 
A)  microvilli to increase surface area 
B)  smooth muscle to stretch as the volume inside increases 
C)  numerous mitochondria to allow active transport 
D)  loose connective tissue so that liquids can pass through the cells 
E)  many neurons to stimulate the cells to reabsorb

Question 7

The breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia. 
B)  urea. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  creatinine. 
E)  uric acid. 
A)  ammonia. 
B)  urea. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  creatinine. 
E)  uric acid.

Question 8

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

If the blood is alkaline

Accepted Answer

A)  more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted. 
B)  less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. 
C)  less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed. 
D)  the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water. 
E)  the diet must be low in necessary acids. 
A)  more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted. 
B)  less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. 
C)  less hydrogen ions are excreted and less bicarbonate are reabsorbed. 
D)  the kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water. 
E)  the diet must be low in necessary acids.

Question 10

Which step in urine formation occurs as molecules and ions are both passively and actively moved from the nephron into the blood of the peritubular capillary network?

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerular filtration 
B)  tubular reabsorption 
C)  creatinine production 
D)  tubular secretion 
E)  filtration of small molecules into glomerular filtrate 
A)  glomerular filtration 
B)  tubular reabsorption 
C)  creatinine production 
D)  tubular secretion 
E)  filtration of small molecules into glomerular filtrate

Question 11

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day. 
B)  Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses. 
C)  Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules. 
D)  Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly, requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream. 
E)  Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood. 
A)  Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day. 
B)  Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses. 
C)  Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules. 
D)  Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly, requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream. 
E)  Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood.

Question 13

Explain the role of ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) in homeostasis.

Accepted Answer

ANH is secreted by the atria of the hear

Question 14

The wall of the ureter has three layers: an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The urethra serves what other body system in males?

Accepted Answer

A)  endocrine 
B)  lymphatic 
C)  reproductive 
D)  digestive 
E)  immune 
A)  endocrine 
B)  lymphatic 
C)  reproductive 
D)  digestive 
E)  immune

Question 16

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

Accepted Answer

A)  high in glomerular filtrate, but only found in trace amounts in urine. 
B)  low in glomerular filtrate, but high in urine. 
C)  high in both glomerular filtrate and urine. 
D)  low in both glomerular filtrate and urine. 
E)  excluded from entering the excretory system altogether. 
A)  high in glomerular filtrate, but only found in trace amounts in urine. 
B)  low in glomerular filtrate, but high in urine. 
C)  high in both glomerular filtrate and urine. 
D)  low in both glomerular filtrate and urine. 
E)  excluded from entering the excretory system altogether.

Question 17

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  Provide another oral medication that stops cellular metabolism. 
B)  Provide a medication that prevents the filtration of all metabolites in the kidney. 
C)  Take a much larger single dose of penicillin. 
D)  Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream. 
E)  Provide a medication that prevents all reabsorption in the kidneys. 
A)  Provide another oral medication that stops cellular metabolism. 
B)  Provide a medication that prevents the filtration of all metabolites in the kidney. 
C)  Take a much larger single dose of penicillin. 
D)  Take continual doses of penicillin sufficient to maintain it in the bloodstream. 
E)  Provide a medication that prevents all reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 18

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?

Accepted Answer

A)  peritubular 
B)  glomerular 
C)  loop of nephron (loop of Henle) 
D)  collecting tubule 
E)  pulmonary 
A)  peritubular 
B)  glomerular 
C)  loop of nephron (loop of Henle) 
D)  collecting tubule 
E)  pulmonary

Question 19

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in what part of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerulus 
B)  distal convoluted tubule 
C)  proximal convoluted tubule 
D)  collecting duct 
E)  loop of the nephron (loop of Henle) 
A)  glomerulus 
B)  distal convoluted tubule 
C)  proximal convoluted tubule 
D)  collecting duct 
E)  loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

Question 20

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  gout. 
B)  creatinine. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  renal failure. 
E)  urethritis. 
A)  gout. 
B)  creatinine. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  renal failure. 
E)  urethritis.

Exam 16: Urinary System and Excretion

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from glomerulus to collecting duct?

Jackie's ankles are very swollen at night after work. When she went to the doctor about the problem, the doctor requested a urine specimen. Why?

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of renocytes that have long cytoplasmic extensions.

Nervous control of urination involves what mechanism(s)?

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney damage?

Since the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs molecules by diffusion, what structure would you expect to find at the microscopic level?

The breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases

The bladder is expandable because it contains layers of elastic fibers embedded in thick layers of connective tissue.

If the blood is alkaline

Which step in urine formation occurs as molecules and ions are both passively and actively moved from the nephron into the blood of the peritubular capillary network?

The cells of the distal convoluted tubules have numerous mitochondria to support active transport.

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

Explain the role of ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) in homeostasis.

The wall of the ureter has three layers: an inner mucosa, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer fibrous coat of connective tissue.

The urethra serves what other body system in males?

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

An antibiotic such as penicillin that is taken orally is soon excreted in the urine. Since infections last for a short period of time, what is the best strategy for overcoming this continual loss?

What capillaries are enclosed by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, and required salts occurs in what part of the nephron?

The buildup of the products of nucleic acid metabolism can lead to

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